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Red:📈 Análisis del canal de Telegram LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes
El canal LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes (@law_notes_llb_notes) en el segmento lingüístico de Inglés es un actor destacado. Actualmente la comunidad reúne a 22 646 suscriptores, ocupando la posición 8 714 en la categoría Educación y el puesto 18 583 en la región India.
📊 Métricas de audiencia y dinámica
Desde su creación el невідомо, el proyecto ha mostrado un crecimiento acelerado, reuniendo a 22 646 suscriptores.
Según los últimos datos del 09 julio, 2026, el canal mantiene una actividad estable. En los últimos 30 días la variación de miembros fue de -152, y en las últimas 24 horas de -4, conservando un alto alcance.
- Estado de verificación: No verificado
- Tasa de interacción (ER): El promedio de interacción de la audiencia es 3.96%. Durante las primeras 24 horas tras publicar, el contenido suele obtener 0.87% de reacciones respecto al total de suscriptores.
- Alcance de las publicaciones: Cada publicación recibe en promedio 898 visualizaciones. En el primer día suele acumular 198 visualizaciones.
- Reacciones e interacción: La audiencia responde de forma activa: el promedio de reacciones por publicación es 1.
- Intereses temáticos: El contenido se centra en temas clave como judiciary, judge, supreme, act, upsc.
📝 Descripción y política de contenido
El autor describe el recurso como un espacio para expresar opiniones subjetivas:
“Law Notes Available here English & Hindi.
Contact @Avanishbly”
Gracias a la alta frecuencia de actualizaciones (últimos datos recibidos el 10 julio, 2026), el canal mantiene la vigencia y un amplio alcance. La analítica demuestra que la audiencia interactúa activamente con el contenido, lo que lo convierte en un punto de referencia dentro de la categoría Educación.
22 646
Suscriptores
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Archivo de publicaciones
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Zero-FIR
There is a concept of “Zero-FIR”. It means that a FIR can be filed in any police station (i.e. irrespective of place of incident/jurisdiction) and the same can be later transferred to the appropriate Police Station.
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A Hostile witness
A hostile witness, otherwise known as an adverse witness or an unfavorable witness, is a witness at trial whose testimony on direct examination is either openly antagonistic (विरोधात्मक) or appears to be contrary to the legal position of the party who called the witness.
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Theories of Punishments
Broadly speaking, there are Five theories of punishments.
Deterrent Theory
Retributive Theory
Preventive Theory
Reformative Theory
Expiatory Theory
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Affidavit
A written statement made under oath, swearing to the truth of the contests of a document.
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EX PARTE : An ex parte decision is one decided by a judge without requiring all of the parties to the controversy to be present.
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OMNIO PROSUMUNTUR RITE ESSE ACTA:
Sections 79 - 90 are founded on the maxim omnio prosumuntur rite esse acta which means that 'all acts are presumed to be rightly done'. But, these presumptions are not conclusive but only prima facie presumptions and if the documents are incorrect, evidence can be led to disprove them.
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Fiduciary Relationship
There are certain relationships in which it would be presumed that one party is in a position to dominate the will of the other party.
A parent in respect of his child, a guardian with reference to his ward, a trustee in regard to the beneficiary, and a solicitor in regard to his client, would be deemed to be in such a dominating position
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*Important case laws related to Constitution of India:*
*1 S.R.Bommai v.UOI:* (1994)
Federalism I Secularism Artilcle 356 and floor test.
S. R. Bommai case was a landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of India, where the Court discussed provisions of Article 356 of the Constitution of India and related issues. This case had a huge impact on Centre-State Relations. The judgement attempted to curb misuse of Article 356 of the Constitution of India, which allowed President's rule to be imposed on state governments.
*2 Samsher Singh v. State of punjab: (1974)*
Function of President/Governor with aid and advice of
Council of Ministers
*3 Maneka Gandhi v. UOI: (1978)*
Article 21 Right to travel abroad
(Article 14, 19 and 21)
*4 Indra Sawhney v. UOI: (1992)*
SCC - Mandal Commission
*5 C. Golaknath case (1967):*
Validity of the First and Seventeenth Amendments and described the scope of Article 13
*6 Kesvananda Bharti case (1973):*
Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution
*7 Menaka Gandhi case (1978):*
Significant towards the transformation of the judicial review
*8 Waman Rao Case (1981):*
Validity of 9th Schedule
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18 Stages Of Civil Suit as per Civil Procedure Code, 1908 are as under
1. Presentation of plaint.
2. Service of summons on defendant.
3. Appearance of parties
4. Ex-parte Decree
5. Interlocutory Proceedings
6. Filing of written statement by defendant
7. Production of documents by parties (plaintiff and defendant)
8. Examination of parties
9. Discovery and Inspection
10. Admission
11. Framing of issues by the court.
12. Summoning And Attendance Of Witnesses
13. Hearing Of Suits And Examination Of Witnesses
14. Argument
15. Judgment
16. Preparation of Decree
17. Appeal, Review, Revision
18. Execution of Decree
CONFESSION :
The word “confession” appears for the first time in Section 24 of the Indian Evidence Act. This section comes under the heading of Admission so it is clear that the confessions are merely one species of admission. Confession is not defined in the Act. Mr. Justice Stephen in his Digest of the law of Evidence defines confession as “confession is an admission made at any time by a person charged with a crime stating or suggesting the inference that he committed that crime.”
A confession may occur in many forms. When it is made to the court itself then it will be called judicial confession and when it is made to anybody outside the court, in that case it will be called extra-judicial confession.
ADMISSION :
Section 17 defines the term “admission.” According to the definition an admission: (i) is a statement, oral or documentary or contained in electronic form, (ii) which suggests any inference as to any fact in issue or relevant fact, and (iii) which is made by any person under the circumstances hereinafter mentioned. Such circumstances as “hereinafter mentioned” have been mentioned in Sections 18 to 30.
PROBATE :
Probate is the judicial process whereby a will is "proved" in a court of law and accepted as a valid public document that is the true last testament of the deceased
::::::::::PREAMBLE::::::::::
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC[1] and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the [unity and integrity of the Nation[2];
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
Krishna Texport & Capital Markets Ltd .. VS. Ila A. Agarwal & Ors . (AIR 2015 SC 2091 ) . " In respect of Offence Under Sec. 138 N. I. ACT , against Company , there is NO Requirement that Directors of Company must individually be issued separate Notices ."
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In PARBATBHAI AAHIR VS. STATE OF GUJARAT . (2017 (9) SCC 641) , The Hon'ble Apex Court was pleased to frame some important guiding principles which should be taken into consideration for exercising Inherent Jurisdiction to Quash FIR/COMPLAINT/CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS under SECTION 482 of CRPC .
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SANTOSH VS. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA . (2017 (9) SCC 714 ) " ARTICLE 20 (3) of the CONSTITUTION OF INDIA confers Right against SELF-INCRIMINATION . It is an essential safeguard in Criminal Procedure . It is meant to be a vital safeguard against torture and other Coercive methods used by Investigating Authorities . Merely because the accused did not confess , it Cannot be Concluded that he was not Co-operating with investigation . "
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Narender Singh VS. State of Punjab (2014 (6) SCC 466 ). " Offence Under SEC. 307 IPC is categorized as heinous and serious offence , and it should be treated as crime against society and not against individual alone . Quashing of Proceedings based on the Settlement between the parties , IMPERMISSIBLE . "
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Sanjay Chandra VS. C. B. I. (2012 (1) SCC 40 ) . " Right to Bail is not to be denied merely because of the sentiments of the Community against the accused . The grant or denial of Bail is , to a large extent , regulated by the factual context of a particular case . "
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WHAT IS WAKF IN MUSLIM LAW? MEANING AND MUTAWALLI
IN: LAW NOTES, MUSLIM LAW
WAKF MEANING
↓
Tying up / detention
The one who makes Waqf – Wakif
Deed is Wakf-nama.
Wakf literally means tying up or detention.
According to accepted view it is the detention of the property in the ownership of the God. Quran is silent regarding Wakf but Quran says something about charity. In simple words when a person ties up his property to the God and remains the usufruct for the benefit of public. It may be religious or charitable.
Essentials of Wakf
1. There must be a permanent dedication of a property (movable or immovable)
2. By a person professing Islam.
3. For any purpose recognised by Islam.
Other elements
1. There must be clear intention on the part of the Wakif to create the Wakf. [Wakif is a creator of Wakf.]
2. Wakif must declare his intention either orally or in writing.
3. The Wakf must be perpetual which means there should not be fixed period.
4. The Wakif must be the owner of the property
5. The object of Wakf should not be in conflict with the Islamic principles.
6. The Wakif must be of Muslim, major and of sound mind.
Wakf by minor is void ab initio. The guardian cannot create a Wakf on behalf of minor.
7. Wakf should be by a person who is professing Islam. Exceptionally Wakf by a non-Muslim is recognised under certain conditions. It means a Wakf may be created by a person belonging to any religion, but in such case the object of Wakf must not be opposed to the creed (faith) of the Wakif. It means a Muslim cannot create a Wakf for the construction of Hindu temple nor can Hindu create a Wakf for the construction of mosque but where the objects are secular in nature such as college, hospital etc then whether the Wakif is a Hindu or Muslim or Christian, the Wakf would be valid.
8. Wakf must not be contingent or conditional.
Legal effects of Wakf
1. Non-transferable
2. Irrevocable
3. Perpetual
Modes of creation of Wakf
1. Intervivos
2. By will (only one third)
3. By immemorial use
4. On death bed – Wakif can create only one third.
Note: Generally a Wakf is irrevocable but if the Wakf is created by will then it may be revoked before the death of the testator.
Types of Wakf
1. Public Wakf → Waqf-ull-Allah (where the beneficiaries are public at large)
2. Private Wakf → Waqf-ull-Aulad (where the beneficiaries are the family member, relative, friends of Wakf)
MUTAWALLI
(care taker of Waqf property) (manager of Waqf property)
Wakif himself can also be Mutawalli.
Who may appoint Mutawalli?
1. Wakif himself
2. Executor
3. The Mutawalli appoints subsequent Mutawalli.
4. Court
5. Waqf Board
Who may be Mutawalli?
A trustworthy person, and the person must be Muslim, major, male and of sound mind.
A female or a non-Muslim may also be Mutawalli in a Wakf where the religious duties are not involved.
In simple words a non-Muslim or female may be appointed the Mutawalli for a charitable or secular Wakf.
Minor as a Mutawalli
As a general rule a minor cannot be appointed as a Mutawalli.
Syed Hasan v Mir Hasan
Court held that the minor Mutawalli is void. But where the office of Mutawalli is hereditary and the person entitled to succeed the office is minor then minor maybe a movie Mutawalli but court will appoint another person for taking care of the property till the age of 18 years.
Removal of Mutawalli
Once Mutawalli lawfully appointed cannot be removed except by the court.
Doctrine of Cypres
When the fulfilment of object of Wakf becomes impossible then Mutawalli may act for fulfilling any object which is similar to the object mentioned in Wakf.
Garib Das v M.A Hamid AIR 1970
Supreme Court held that a Wakf is completed by only a declaration by the Wakif. It may be oral or in writing, no formalities are needed for creation of Wakf.
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LEGAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES
IN: LAW NOTES
LEGAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES
Right means claims, titles, liberties, powers and immunities summed together.
CLASSIFICATION OF RIGHTS
1. Perfect and Imperfect Right
A right which is enforceable by law is a perfect right but a right which is not enforced by law is an imperfect right.
For Example-
Time barred debt.
2. Right in Rem and Right in Personam
Right in Rem → against the whole world.
For Example- Right to go on a public road.
Right in Personam → against an individual.
3. Antecedent Right and Remedial Rights
A substantive law may either be antecedent or remedial. Antecedent right may either be a right in rem or a right in personam.
For Example-
Purchaser of certain goods has an antecedent right over the goods so purchased. When antecedent right is violated then the role of remedial right begins.
4. Proprietary and Personal Rights
A person proprietary rights constitute his estate, his assets and his property. These rights have some economic or monetary significance and are elements of wealth.
For Example-
Money in a man’s pocket or bank or land, houses etc are proprietary rights.
On the other hand the personal rights are elements in a person’s well being. They have no monetary value.
For Example-
Right of reputation, personal liberty, freedom from bodily harm etc.
5. Right in re-propria and Right in re-alina
Right in re-propria means right over one’s own property.
Right in re-alina means right over the property of someone else.
6. Principal Right and accessory Rights
The existence of principal right is independent of any other right but accessory rights are ancillary to principal right.
7. Vested and Contingent Right
Vested right occurs when all the facts have been completed.
Contingent right occurs when some events is necessary to happen.
8. Public and Private Rights
The violation of public rights which affects the community as a whole. They are called crimes. Violation of private rights are called civil injuries or tort.
THEORIES OF RIGHTS
1. WILL THEORY
2. INTEREST THEORY
Will Theory – Supporters – Hegel, Kant, Hume.
According to this theory, a right is an inherent element of the human will. The subject matter of right is derived from human will. The theory suggests that it is through a right that a man expresses his will over an object.
Interest Theory– Supporters – German jurist Ehering.
According to this theory, ‘A legal right is a legally protected interest‘. Ehering says the basis of legal right is interest and not will. The main object of law is protection of human interest and resolve the conflicts between human interests.
However Salmond criticised this theory of Ehering.
LEGAL RIGHT IS AN INTEREST WHICH IS RECOGNISED AND PROTECTED BY LAW
LEGAL DUTIES
A duty is an obligatory act. It means it is an act the opposite of which would be a wrong. Thus duties and wrongs are generally co-related. The commission of a wrong is the breach of duty and the performance of a duty is avoidance of wrong.
CLASSIFICATION OF LEGAL DUTIES
1. Postitive and Negative Duty
Positive Duties → to do an act.
Negative Duties → not to do an act.
2. Primary and Secondary Duty
A duty may be either primary or secondary.
Primary duty is independent. Secondary duty is dependent (but exist for the enforcement of other duties.)
3. Absolute and Relative Duties
Absolute duties are those duties which are owed only to the state; breach of which is generally called a crime and remedy is punishment.
Relative duties are owed to any person; breach of which is a civil injury (tort)and the remedy is compensation.
Austin also supports the view that certain duties are absolute, they do not have a corresponding right.
For Example-
Duty towards God, Duty towards state, Duty towards himself, Duty towards animals.
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