Freshman Tutorial

Psychology Mid Exam [@freshman_tutorial] @freshman_tutorial Read the following statements Carefully and Write True or False. 1. Sensory Adaptation lets you detect potentially important change in your environment while ignoring unchanging aspects of it. @freshman_tutorial 2. A reinforcement is a stimulus that weakens the response or makes it less likely to occur. @freshman_tutorial 3. The decay Theory holds that the Trace simply fades away with nothing left behid, due to passage of time. @freshman_tutorial 4. Over learn is one of the ways to improve memory. 5. Retrieval occurs when information is brought to mind from storage. Choose the best Answer @freshman_tutorial 6. Which of the following is not organizing principle of Perception? A. Proximity B. Continuation C. Law of Closure D. Convergence @freshman_tutorial 7. Which of the following is correct about Retinal disparity? A. It is the degree of difference between the image of an object that are focused on thee single retina. B. It's one of the monocular cues C. The Closer the Object, the greater is the retinal disparity D. It is two dimensional perception @freshman_tutorial 8. From the following, One is Not Correct About Learning? A. Learning is responsive to incentives B. Learning is Pervasive C. Learning is Multifaceted D. Learning is a Passive Process @freshman_tutorial 9. A Stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned is called: A. Conditioned Stimulus B. Unconditioned Stimulus C. Neutral Stimulus D. Unconditioned Response @freshman_tutorial 10._____________is the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning. A. Stimulus generalization B. Extinction C. Spontaneous recovery D. Stimulus Discrimination @freshman_tutorial 11. If someone nags you all the time to stud, but stops nagging when you comply, your studying is likely to increase-because you will then avoid nagging. This implies A. Negative punishment B. Negative reinforcement C. Positive punishment D. Postive reinforcement 12. Which schedule of reinforcement is often used by Employers to increase productivity? A. Variable ratio schedule B. Fixed interval schedule C. Fixed ratio schedule D. Variable interval schedule 13. Short term memory is A. Active B. Rapid accessibility C. Limited capacity D. All Except B @freshman_tutorial 14. Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning? A. Shelly gets $50 after getting a 90 percent in her math class. B. A pigeon learns to peck a disc to get food pellets. C. A dog learns to turn in circles for a reward. D. A baby takes his fi rst steps. E. A horse jumps over a fence to avoid an electric shock @freshman_tutorial 15. Which of the following statements best explains one major difference between short-term memory and long-term memory? A. Long-term memory is unlimited in capacity while short-term memory is not. B. Long-term memory holds only episodic memories while short-term memory does not. C. Long-term memory varies a great deal from one person to another, while short-term memory does not. D. In terms of processing, long-term memory comes directly after sensory memory while short-term memory does not. E. Long-term memory depends on neural connections in the limbic system while short-term memory does not. @freshman_tutorial Give the Correct Answer for the following @freshman_tutorial 16. Write the factors that are important that are important for the effectiveness of Punishment @freshman_tutorial 17. What are four conditions that are necessary before an individual can successfully model the behavior of someone else according to Bandura 18. What is a Serial Position effect @freshman_tutorial 19. According to George Miller the stimated capacity of Short Term Memory is to be the magic number________ @freshman_tutorial 20. Suppose a oneyear old child is playing with a toy near an electrical outlet. He sticks part of the toy into the outlet. He gets shocked, becomes frightened, and begins to cry. For several days after that experience, he

that separated them @freshman_tutorial 🔶 the area between Dankil depression and the red sea was uplifting to form Afar block mountain We will continue in next topic @freshman_tutorial Winner don't do differently thing They do things differently ! 😊 Stay with us 🙌🤗 question 👉 i am here 😊 @freshman_tutorial @freshman_tutorial

ሰላም፤ፍቅር፤ጤና ለ ሁለቹ ሮቢ ነኝ አብሮነታችሁ sorry for delay 🤫🤫🤗 @freshman_tutorial Today we going see about @freshman_tutorial 💪 3 The mesozoic era geologic process @freshman_tutorial @freshman_tutorial ✍ it lasted for about 155 million years ✍ alternate slows sinking and rising (epeirogenesis)of land mass ✍ this process affected the whole present-day horn of Africa and Arbian land mass ✍ the subsidence of land began about 225 million years ago ✍ as the land sank slowly the sea invaded it starting from somalia to ogaden and slowly spreading North west ward @freshman_tutorial ✍ this phenomena happened in the late trassic period and jurassic period ✍ Mesozoic rocks are considered to have greatest potential for oli and gas deposits because associated with flourshing of Marine Life and decaying and precipatating of their remains as sea stayed long @freshman_tutorial 🤘 through the time compression by overlying rocks and cementing mineral the sands and lime were compacted to form sandstone amd limestone layers respectively these are known as Adigrat sand stone and Hintalo limestone layers @freshman_tutorial ✌️ Gypsum shale and at last were laid Hintalo limestone . The upper layer is known as upper sand stone 👉 by the end of mesozoic era when the land emerges out of sea three major sedimentary formation were laid and formed upon on precambrian rock surface Those were 👉 Adigrat (lower sand stone) 👉Hintalo limestone 👉upper sandstone 📚 note the mesozoic era rocks covers 25% of land mass of Ethiopia Sandstone layers layers are vary in south east - north west direction ✏️ the Adigrat sand stone is older and Thicker in the south east and progressively decreases in the age and thickness north west ward ✏️ the upper sand stone on other hand is thicker and younger (upper cretaceous) in south east while in the north west it is older and thinner @freshman_tutorial 🖍 mesozoic rocks are overlaid by cenozoic era @freshman_tutorial @freshman_tutorial 💪 4 The CENOZOIC ERA GEOLOGICAL PROCESS 🔍 70 million years ago - present day 🔍 age of mammals (recent life) 🔍 the tectonoic and volcanic activities that took place in this era have important effect in the present day of land mass of Ethiopia and the horn of Africa @freshman_tutorial 🔍 major geological process of this era 📜 uplifting of the Arabo - Ethiopia land mass and out pouring of huge quantity of lava 📜 Formation of rift valley 📜 Quaternary volcanism and depostion @freshman_tutorial Uplifting of Arabo Ethiopia landmass and out pouring of huge quantity of lava flood - this began upper Jurassic and crecateous period - huge uplifting Continued to the paleocene and oligocene epoch of tertiary period 📗 this uplifting was up to 2000m or 2km above sea level which has character of epeirogenesis @freshman_tutorial 📒 it unparallel any where except i the Alpine orogenic belts of the andes 📕 greatest up lifting was in central Ethiopia 👉 This immense tectonic force also fracture thre crust at many places huge quantity of lava came out 🗞 At the time Rift valley was not formed @freshman_tutorial This volcanic material is known as Trappean lava or Trap series lava THE formation of the rift valley @freshman_tutorial ✏️ the formation of rift valley related to theory of plate tectonics 🔎🔍 According to this theory the Rift valley may be lying on the earths crust below which lateral movements of the crust in oppsite direction producing tensional force that causes paralel fractures or faults on the side of up arched swell @freshman_tutorial 🖍 the major faulting movement probably began in the late oligocene and Miocene epoch of the cenozoic era @freshman_tutorial ✏️ the whole Africa Rift system including that of Ethiopia and gulf of aden are afted by rifting that took place in Miocene Epoch @freshman_tutorial 🔷 The red sea and gulf of aden were connected as a result of rifting and faulting of the land brigde

TUTORIAL COLLEGE @freshman_tutorial Term one psychology exam @freshman_tutorial |/ CHOICE THE CORRECT ANSWER 1/ Which one study about to all the internal and covert activities of our mind? @freshman_tutorial A/ Behavior B/ psychology C/ science D/ mental process 2/ School of thought is a system of thinking about a certain issue such that mind. A/ True B/ False 3/ Among the ff which one is study about of the whole mind? A/ structuralism B/Gestalt psychology C/Behaviorism D/ Functionalism 4/ The schools of thought basically differ in terms of A/ object & goal B/ method & object C/ goal & mind D/ A&B 5/ Which one is example of Forensic psychology? A/ Teaching B/ police C/ prevention D/ diagnosis@freshman_tutorial 6/ which one is helps individuals with less severe problems than those treated by clinical psychologists A/ Counseling Psychology B/ clinical psychology C/ Health psychology D/ Personality psychology 7/ which one of the ff the founder of psychology in laboratory? @freshman_tutorial A/ Wilhelm Wundt B/ William cork C/ Oliver Sacks D/ James 8/ Psychodynamists is think of themselves as archaeologists of the mind A/ false B/ true 9/ -------is the minimum point of intensity a sound can be detected. A/Sensory threshold B/sensory adaption C/ absolute threshold D/ difference threshold 10/ Absolute threshold is also affected by intensity of the stimulus other than factors. A/True B/ False 11/ ------ are closely tied to what is happening in the sensory systems themselves. A/ perception B/ Sensations C/ adaption D/ sensory law 12/ The starting of point of sensations is a -------. @freshman_tutorial A/ brain B/ receptor C/ stimulus D/ B&C 13/The minimum amount of change that can be detected is called A/absolute threshold B/ sensory adaption C/ adaptive @freshman_tutorial D/difference threshold 14/ Among the ff which one is a research method that measures the relationship between two or more variables. A/ Expiremental research B/ Survey research C/ Correlational research D/ none of the above 15/ What's by means Cognitive Perspective? @freshman_tutorial A/ it emphasizes what goes on in people's heads B/how people reason C/ remember & understand D/ all 16/ Sensation is the process that detects the stimulus from one‘s body. A/ false B/ true@freshman_tutorial 17/---- refers to the idea that you may be ready and Primed for certain kinds of sensory input. A/ Set B/ motives C/ expectancy D/ needs E/ A&C@freshman_tutorial F/ B&D 18/ which one is the psychological factors influencing among the ff? A/ motives B/ expectancy C/ needs D/all of the above 19/ . Contours are formed whenever a marked similar occurs in the brightness or color of the background. A/ true@freshman_tutorial B/ false 20/ Neither the circle nor the dots by themselves from a symmetrical pattern. A/ true B/ false@freshman_tutorial || Diffen each question 21/What is pictorial cues means? 22/what is brightness constancy means?@freshman_tutorial 23/How many type of Psychologists research method what and what? 24/Depth perception depends on the? 25/what is Visual illusions means? SET BY milion @freshman_tutorial 9/10/2013

Psychology Test [Prep. By@freshman_tutorial ] Unit 1 And Unit 2 1. The selectivity of perception implies that our feild of experience is divided into@freshman_tutorial A. Attention B. Focus and margin C. Absolute and difference threshold D. It is undivisible @freshman_tutorial 2. The first-born children get more attention from parents, from the factors of attention this could imply that: A. Repetition B. Movement C. Expectancy D. Novelty @freshman_tutorial 3. Items which are close together in space or time tend to be perceived as belonging together or forming an organized group. This imlies which law of perceptual Organization A. Similarity B. Closure C. Proximity D. Continuation @freshman_tutorial 4. _the degree of difference between the image of an object that are focused on the two retinas. A. Difference Threshold B. Retinal Disparity C. Relative Threshold D. Retinal increase 5. Which of the following couldn't be one of the Goals of Psychology A. Perception B. Description C. Prediction D. Explanation @freshman_tutorial 6.___________refers to modifying the behaviour from undesireable one to desirable one. A. Description B. Shifting C. Control D. Prediction 7. Which of the following research method allows researchers to study the cause and effect relationship between variables. A. Experimental research B. Correlational research C. Descriptive research D. Predictive research 8. The binocular cue for depth perception based on signals from muscles that turn the eyes to focus on near or approaching object is called: A. Convergence B. Retinal disparity C. Shape constancy D. Interposition 9. In an experiment, Naol is going to investigate how alcohol affects aggression. The number of alcoholic drinks the subject has is called: A. Dependent variable B. Independent variable C. Controlled variable D. Experimental variable 10. What are formed whenever a marked difference occurs in the brightness or color of the background? A. Organization B. Brightness constancy C. Difference threshold D. Contour 11. Sigmund Freud was the Founder of School of thought called Psychodynamics. A. True B. False 12. Gestalt psychologists argued that the mind is not made up of combinations of elements, rather They held that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" A. True@freshman_tutorial B. False 13. Motion parallax is the tendency to perceive ourselves as passing objects faster when they are closer to us than when they are farther away. A. False B. True @freshman_tutorial 14. List at least three monocular cues? 15. What helps you in general to separate the figure from the general around in your visual perception? @freshman_tutorial ©@freshman_tutorial

TUTORIAL COLLEGE Term one psychology exam @freshman_tutorial |/ CHOICE THE CORRECT ANSWER @freshman_tutorial 1/ Which one study about to all the internal and covert activities of our mind? A/ Behavior B/ psychology C/ science D/ mental process 2/ School of thought is a system of thinking about a certain issue such that mind. A/ True B/ False 3/ Among the ff which one is study about of the whole mind? A/ structuralism B/Gestalt psychology C/Behaviorism D/ Functionalism 4/ The schools of thought basically differ in terms of A/ object & goal B/ method & object C/ goal & mind D/ A&B 5/ Which one is example of Forensic psychology? A/ Teaching B/ police C/ prevention D/ diagnosis 6/ which one is helps individuals with less severe problems than those treated by clinical psychologists A/ Counseling Psychology B/ clinical psychology C/ Health psychology D/ Personality psychology 7/ which one of the ff the founder of psychology in laboratory? A/ Wilhelm Wundt B/ William cork C/ Oliver Sacks D/ James 8/ Psychodynamists is think of themselves as archaeologists of the mind A/ false B/ true 9/ -------is the minimum point of intensity a sound can be detected. A/Sensory threshold B/sensory adaption C/ absolute threshold D/ difference threshold 10/ Absolute threshold is also affected by intensity of the stimulus other than factors. @freshman_tutorial A/True B/ False 11/ ------ are closely tied to what is happening in the sensory systems themselves. A/ perception B/ Sensations C/ adaption D/ sensory law 12/ The starting of point of sensations is a -------. @freshman_tutorial A/ brain B/ receptor C/ stimulus D/ B&C 13/The minimum amount of change that can be detected is called A/absolute threshold B/ sensory adaption C/ adaptive @freshman_tutorial D/difference threshold 14/ Among the ff which one is a research method that measures the relationship between two or more variables. @freshman_tutorial A/ Expiremental research B/ Survey research C/ Correlational research D/ none of the above 15/ What's by means Cognitive Perspective? @freshman_tutorial A/ it emphasizes what goes on in people's heads B/how people reason C/ remember & understand D/ all 16/ Sensation is the process that detects the stimulus from one‘s body. A/ false @freshman_tutorial B/ true 17/---- refers to the idea that you may be ready and Primed for certain kinds of sensory input. A/ Set B/ motives C/ expectancy D/ needs E/ A&C F/ B&D 18/ which one is the psychological factors influencing among the ff? A/ motives B/ expectancy C/ needs D/all of the above 19/ . Contours are formed whenever a marked similar occurs in the brightness or color of the background. A/ true B/ false 20/ Neither the circle nor the dots by themselves from a symmetrical pattern. A/ true B/ false || Diffen each question 21/What is pictorial cues means? 22/what is brightness constancy means? 23/How many type of Psychologists research method what and what? 24/Depth perception depends on the? 25/what is Visual illusions means? SET BY Million @freshman_tutorial 9/10/2013

Chapter One Propositional Logic and Set Theory Propositional Logic Mathematical or symbolic logic is an analytical theory of the art of reasoning whose goal is to systematize and codify principles of valid reasoning. There is a variety of symbolic logics. We shall be concerned only with that one which encompasses most of the deductions of the sort encountered in mathematics. Within the context of logic5 itself, this is "classical" symbolic logic . 1.1.1. Definition and examples of propositions Consider the following sentences. a. 2 is an even number. b. A triangle has four sides. c. Athlete Haile G/silassie weighed 45 kg when he was 20 years old. d. May God bless you! e. Give me that book. f. What is your name? The first three sentences are declarative sentences. The first one is true and the second one is false. The truth value of the third sentence cannot be ascertained because of lack of historical records but it is, by its very form, either true or false but not both. On the other hand, the last three sentences have no truth value. So they are not declaratives. Definition 1.1: A proposition (or statement) is a sentence which has a truth value (either True or False but not both). The above definition does not mean that we must always know what the truth value is. For example, the sentence “The 1000th digit in the decimal expansion of is 7” is a proposition . ቀጣዩ በ typing ስለማይመች በ audio🙌😊 MATHEMATICS🤓📖 👨‍🏫🧑‍🏫 logic Winners don't do different things, they do things differently!😊😊 Be with us!🙌 Join and share!😊😊 @freshman_tutorial @freshman_tutorial @freshman_tutorial For question and suggestion @ethio_exams_discussion_group @ethio_exams_discussion_group Let's work together!😊😊

Geography is the scientific study of the Earth that describes and analyses spatial and temporal variations of physical, biological and human phenomena, and their interrelationships and dynamism over the surface of the Earth. Geography ስንል በዋነኝነት ሰለ ምድር እና በውስጧ ስለሚከናወኑ ነገሮች ነው። Geography is a holistic and interdisciplinary field of study contributing to the understanding of the changing spatial structures from the past to the future. Thus, the scope of Geography is the surface of the Earth . Geography has five basic themes. Geography በዋነኝነት 5 መገለጫዎች አሉት። 1. Location:- is defined as a particular place or position. Location can be of two types: absolute location and relative location. Location የምንለው የአንድ ቦታ ልዩ መገኛ ነው። 2. Place:- refers to the physical and human aspects of a location. This theme of geography is associated with toponym (the name of a place), site (the description of the features of the place), and situation (the environmental conditions of the place). Each place in the world has its unique characteristics expressed in terms of landforms, hydrology, biogeography, pedology, characteristics and size of its human population, and the distinct human cultures. Place የምንለው የአንድ መገኛ ቦታን ሰዋዊ እና አካላዊ መገለጫ ሲሆን በስም፣ በአከባቢው ሁኔታ፣ መልካምድራዊ መገለጫውን ጨምሮ ሌሎችም የሚያካትት ነው። 3. Human-Environment Interaction:- Humans have always been on ceaseless interaction with their natural environment. Humans have adapted to the environment in ways that have allowed them to dominate all other species on Earth. Thus, human-environment interaction involves three distinct aspects: dependency, adaptation, and modification. Dependency:- refers to the ways in which humans are dependent on nature for a living. Adaptation:- relates to how humans modify themselves, their lifestyles and their behavior to live in a new environment with new challenges. Modification:- allowed humans to “conquer” the world for their comfortable living. Human-Environmental interaction ስንል ደግሞ በሠው ልጅ እና በአከባቢው የሚፈጠር መስተጋብር ነው። ይህም በ የሠው ልጅ በአከባቢው ላይ የሚኖረው ጥገኝነት፣ አከባቢውን እንዲመቸው መለወጥ እና ራሱን አከባቢውን እስኪለምድ መለወጥን ያካትታል። 4. Movement:- entails to the translocation of human beings, their goods, and their ideas from one end of the planet or place to another. Movement የምንለው የሰውልጅን፣ እቃዎችን እንዲሁም የሀሳቦችን በመላው አለም ላይ የሚኖራቸውን እንቅስቃሴ ነው። 5. Region:- is a geographic area having distinctive characteristics that distinguishes itself from adjacent unit(s) of space. It could be a formal region that is characterized by homogeneity in terms of a certain phenomenon (soil, temperature, rainfall, or other cultural elements like language, religion, and economy). Region ስንል ደግሞ እንድን ቦታ ከሌላ ቦታ በሚለዩ የራሱ የሆነ ባህሪያት ያሉት አከባቢ ነው። Winners don't do different things, they do things differently!😊😊 Be with us!🙌 Join and share!😊😊 @freshman_tutorial @freshman_tutorial Let's work together!😊😊

Goals of psychology psychology has four goals; 1. Description:- involves observing the behavior and noticing everything about it. It is a search for answers for questions like ‗What is happening? ‗Where does it happen? ‗To whom does it happen? ‗under what circumstances does it seem to happen? description ስንል ስለ አንድ ነገር ከላይ የሚገኙትን ጥያቄዎች በመመለስ ማብራሪያ መስጠት ነው። 2. Prediction:- is about determining what will happen in the future. prediction ማለት ወደፊት ምን ይፈጠራል የሚለውን ያጠናል። 3. Explanation:- Why is it happening? Explanation is about trying to find reasons for the observed behavior. This helps in the process of forming theories of behavior (A theory is a general explanation of a set of observations or facts). explanation ደግሞ ለምናያቸው ነገሮች ማብራሪያ ስለ መስጠት ነው። 4. Control:- How can it be changed? Control or modify or change the behavior from undesirable one to a desirable on e. Control የምንለው ሁኔታዎችን እንዴት ከማይመቹ ወደ ሚመቹ መለወጥ የምንችለው ሚለውን ያጠናል። Be with us! Join and share!😊😊 @freshman_tutorial @freshman_tutorial @freshman_tutorial Let's work together!😊😊

The word "psychology" is derived from two Greek words 'psyche' and "logos‟. Psyche refers to mind, soul or sprit while logos means study, knowledge or discourse. Therefore, by combining the two Greek words the term "psychology" epistemologically refers to the study of the mind, soul, or sprit and it is often represented by the Greek letter ᴪ (psi) which is read as ("sy"). psychology ከሁለት የግሪክ ቃላት የመጣ ሲሆን ትርጉሙም የህይወት፣ የአይምሮ እና የመንፈስ ጥናት ማለት ነው። - Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and the underlying mental In the above definition, there are three aspects; science, behavior and mental processes: *Science: psychology uses scientific methods to study behavior and mental processes in both humans and animals. This means psychologists do not study behavior with commonsense rather they follow scientific procedures and use empirical data to study behavior and mental processes. psychology ሁልጊዜም ቢሆን scientific ሒደቶችን የሚከተል ነው። *Behavior: refers to all of our outward or overt actions and reactions, such as talking, facial expressions, movement, etc. There is also covert behavior which is hidden, non-observable and generally considered as a mental process behavior የምንለው ደግሞ የምናደርጋቸው ተግባራት ናቸው። *Mental processes: refer to all the internal, covert activities of our minds, such as thinking, feeling, remembering, etc. ይሄኛው ደግሞ በአይምሯችን የምናከናውናቸው ተግባራት ናቸው። Be with us! join and share!😊😊😊 @freshman_tutorial @freshman_tutorial Let's work together!😊😊

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