🕸️BPSC WEB🕸️

BPSC PYQ 56-59 BPSC PYQ

Watson and crick — did not discovered DNA , but they discovered double helix nature of dna 🧬 in 1953 — got Nobel in 1962

Miescher - discovered DNA in 1869 itself.

Eutectic Mixture • A eutectic mixture is a mixture of two or more substances that solidify at a single sharp temperature, which is lower than the melting points of the individual components. • This temperature is called the eutectic point. • At this temperature, both (or all) components crystallize simultaneously in a fixed proportion. • It behaves like a single substance during solidification, even though it contains multiple components. Examples 1. Lead–tin alloy (used in soldering): eutectic mixture of 61.9% tin and 38.1% lead, melts at 183 °C. 2. NaCl–H₂O mixture: eutectic at –21.2 °C (used in freezing mixtures). 3. Naphthalene + Camphor mixture. Why Glass is not a eutectic mixture? • Glass does not have a sharp melting point; instead, it softens gradually. • It is an amorphous solid and best described as a supercooled liquid/solution, not a crystalline eutectic. Key Difference • Glass: amorphous, supercooled solution, no sharp melting point. • Eutectic mixture: crystalline, sharp melting point, fixed composition.

Major Non NATO Ally(MNNAs) designated by USA

New MSME classification as per union budget 2025

Russia's gas exports to Europe ends as Ukraine refused to renew the transit agreement On New Year’s Day, Russian natural gas exports to Europe via Soviet-era pipelines through Ukraine were stopped as the transit deal expired, with no agreement reached between Moscow and Kyiv. This marks the end of Russia’s oldest gas route to Europe The Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline (also known as the Bratstvo pipeline, Brotherhood pipeline, West-Siberian Pipeline, or Trans-Siberian Pipeline) is one of Russia's main natural gas export pipelines, partially owned and operated by Ukraine. It was part of the "gas in exchange for pipes program", and the Soviet-controlled bank "Ost-West Handelsbank" was opened in Frankfurt on 1 March 1973 to support the project. It runs from Siberia's Urengoy gas field to Uzhhorod in Western Ukraine. From there, it supplies natural gas to Central and Western European countries. The pipeline crosses the Ural and Carpathian mountains and rivers like the Ob, Volga, Don, and Dnieper rivers.

https://t.me/civils_web/6144 Private member bill - PYQ

PRIVATE MEMBERS’ BILL “Curtailing the private members bill is equal to strangling the voice of parliamentarians” —> mains fodder points GS2 Polity