Class 12 11 10 9 CUET CBSE NTSE

✅Applications of Electromagnetism ➖ Electromagnetism serves as a fundamental working principle for many of the home appliances in household applications. ➖ The Maglev trains or high-speed trains work on the principle of electromagnetism. ➖ Electromagnetic radiations are used in the communication system to transfer data from the source to the receiver. ➖ In industries, starting from small instruments to large power equipment, electromagnetism is used at least at one stage of their work.

✅Properties of the Electromagnetic Wave ➖ Electromagnetic waves are propagated by oscillating electric and magnetic waves at right angles to each other. ➖ They exhibit the properties of interference and diffraction. ➖ They travel at a speed of 3 × 108m/s in a vacuum. ➖ They are transverse waves. ➖ The relationship between the wavelength (λ) and frequency (c) of an electromagnetic wave is given as follows: c = v λ

Electric Charges and Fields 1. Electric Charge Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electric and magnetic effect. 2. Conductors and Insulators Those substances which readily allow the passage of electricity through them are called conductors, e.g. metals, the earth and those substances which offer high resistance to the passage of electricity are called insulators, e.g. plastic rod and nylon. 3. Transference of electrons is the cause of frictional electricity. 4. Additivity of Charges- Charge are scalars and they add up like real numbers. It means if a system consists of n charges q1, q2, q3 , … ,qn, then total charge of the system will be q1 +q2 + … +qn. 5. Conservation of Charge The total charge of an isolated system is always conserved, i.e. initial and final charge of the system will be same. 6. Quantisation of Charge -Charge exists in discrete amount rather than continuous value and hence, quantised. Mathematically, charge on an object, q=±ne where, n is an integer and e is electronic charge. When any physical quantity exists in discrete packets rather than in continuous amount, the quantity is said to be quantised. Hence, charge is quantised. 7. Units of Charge (i) SI unit coulomb (C) (ii) CGS system (a) electrostatic unit, esu of charge or stat-coulomb (stat-C) (b) electromagnetic unit, emu of charge or ab-C (ab-coulomb) 1 ab-C = 10 C, 1 C = 3 x 109 stat-C

💠Terminologies in Progressive Wave Motion💠 ➖Amplitude ➖Period ➖Wavelength ➖Frequency ➖Wave velocity ➖Phase or phase angle (O) ➖Phase difference ➖Path difference ➖Time difference 🔹Amplitude (A): The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of any particle of the medium from its equilibrium position. 🔹Period (T): Period (T) of a wave is the time taken by any particle of the medium to complete one vibration during a period (T). 🔹Wavelength (λ): Wavelength (λ) is equal to the distance between two consecutive particles of the medium which are in the same state of vibration it is equal to the distance travelled by the wave by its time period (T). 🔹Frequency (f): It is the number of vibrations made per second by any particles of the medium (f = 1/T). Since the frequency of a wave is a characteristic property of the source which is producing the wave motion, hence, the frequency of a wave does not change when a wave travels from one medium to another medium. 🔹Phase or Phase Angle (Φ): It represents the state of vibration of the particle of a medium with respect to its mean position. 🔹Phase Difference Δ(Φ): It represents the different state of vibration of a particle at two different instants (or) any pair of particles at the same instant. ΔΦ = Φ2 – Φ1. Wave Velocity (v): It is the distance travelled by the wave in one second (v = λ/T). It is determined by the mechanical properties of the medium through which the wave propagates. The velocity of wave motion is measured with respect to the medium, the wave velocity changes when the medium is in motion i.e. speed of sound through air changes when the wind is blowing. ⇒ Check: Sound Waves There are two velocities associated with a wave. One is the wave velocity and the other one is particle velocity (which is the speed with which the particle of the medium vibrate when the wave passes through the medium). 🔹Path Difference (Δx) or (x): It indicates the distance between two points measured along the direction of propagation of the wave through the medium. 🔹Time Difference (ΔT): It indicates the time taken by the wave to travel from one point to another through the medium.

🔥🔥 Thermodynamics🔥🔥 ,🔥Basic Terminology🔥 ⭐System- Part of the universe under investigation. ⭐Open System- A system which can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings. ⭐Closed System- A system which permits passage of energy but not mass, across its boundary. ⭐Isolated system- A system which can neither exchange energy nor matter with its surrounding. ⭐Surroundings- Part of the universe other than system, which can interact with it. ⭐Boundary- Anything which separates system from surrounding. ⭐State variables- The variables which are required to be defined in order to define state of any system i.e. pressure, volume, mass, temperature, surface area, etc. ⭐State Functions- Property of system which depend only on the state of the system and not on the path. Example: Pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy etc. ⭐Intensive properties- Properties of a system which do not depend on mass of the system i.e. temperature, pressure, density, concentration, ⭐Extensive properties- Properties of a system which depend on mass of the system i.e. volume, energy, enthalpy, entropy etc. ⭐Process- Path along which state of a system changes. ⭐Isothermal process- Process which takes place at constant temperature ⭐Isobaric process- Process which takes place at constant pressure ⭐Isochoric process- Process which takes place at constant volume. ⭐Adiabatic process- Process during which transfer of heat cannot take place between system and surrounding. ⭐Cyclic process- Process in which system comes back to its initial state after undergoing series of changes. ⭐Reversible process- Process during which the system always departs infinitesimally from the state of equilibrium i.e. its direction can be reversed at any moment. ⭐Irriversible Process- This type of process is fast and gets completed in a single step. This process cannot be reversed. All the natural processes are of this type.

Download now all study material and videos for free. Link active for 30 min only. https://applink.adda247.com/d/pNc88bPdHk https://applink.adda247.com/d/pNc88bPdHk

✪ Molecular Basis Of Inheritance ➪ Handwritten Notes 🙌

Evolution : Human Notes