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In a dismissal order of a class suit against Uniswap a U.S. judge said Ether and Bitcoin are “crypto commodities.”

Members of the Yale Law School community, as well as family and friends of the Class of 2023, came together to celebrate the graduates during their Commencement ceremonies on May 22. This year’s Commencement honored 243 degree candidates as well as the first class of Hurst Horizon scholars.

The Bales Trial Competition is an introductory-level tournament focused on criminal law. It is designed to introduce first-year students to trial advocacy.

In this episode, I discuss the physiological effects that drinking alcohol has on the brain and body at different levels of consumption and over time. I also describe genetic differences that predispose certain individuals to alcoholism, binge and habit-drinking. I explain alcohol metabolism in simple terms and how it effectively acts as a poison, leading to cellular stress and damage. I then explain that it impacts neuronal function and changes our thinking and behavior – hallmarks of inebriation. I also discuss how alcohol consumption of different amounts impacts inflammation, stress, neurodegeneration, and cancer risk and negatively impacts the gut microbiome, brain thickness, hormone balance, mood and feelings of motivation. Additionally, I discuss the biology of hangovers and describe science-based strategies to mitigate the severity of a hangover. Since alcohol is one of the most widely consumed recreational substances, this episode ought to be of relevance to everyone. Indeed, even low-to-moderate alcohol consumption negatively impacts the brain and body in direct ways. The goal of this episode is to help people make informed decisions about their alcohol consumption that are in keeping with their mental and physical health goals. Thank you to our sponsors AG1 (Athletic Greens):

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Articles Associations between alcohol consumption and gray and white matter volumes in the UK Biobank:

Gut Microbiota at the Intersection of Alcohol, Brain, and the Liver:

Tolerance to alcohol: A critical yet understudied factor in alcohol addiction:

Associations Between Drinking and Cortical Thickness in Younger Adult Drinkers: Findings From the Human Connectome Project:

Moderate Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Breast Cancer:

Can alcohol promote aromatization of androgens to estrogens? A review:

Other Resources Examine - Alcohol & Hangover:

Timestamps 00:00:00 Effects of Alcohol Consumption 00:02:25 Momentous Supplements 00:03:19 Low to Moderate Alcohol Consumption & Neurodegeneration 00:06:52 Levels, Eight Sleep, ROKA 00:10:46 Historical Context & Uses of Alcohol 00:13:28 Alcohol Metabolism, “Empty Calories” 00:18:23 Inebriation: Top-Down Inhibition, Impulsivity & Memory Formation 00:24:23 Long-Lasting Effects & Impulsivity, Neuroplasticity & Reversibility 00:27:55 Food & Alcohol Absorption 00:30:07 Alcohol & Serotonin, SSRIs & Depression, Risk for Alcoholism, Blackouts 00:37:39 Predisposition for Alcoholism; Chronic Consumption, Cortisol & Stress 00:44:53 AG1 (Athletic Greens) 00:46:07 Genetic Predisposition for Alcoholism, Consuming Alcohol Too Young 00:52:27 Gut-Liver-Brain Axis: Alcohol, Gut Microbiome, Inflammation & Leaky Gut 00:59:46 Tool: Improving/Replenishing Gut Microbiome 01:02:44 Reducing Alcohol Consumption & Stress 01:04:25 Hangover: Alcohol & Sleep, Anxiety, Headache 01:12:11 Hangover Recovery, Adrenaline & Deliberate Cold Exposure 01:17:16 Hangover Recovery, Dehydration & Electrolytes 01:20:45 Types of Alcohol & Hangover Severity, Congeners 01:25:25 Alcohol Tolerance, Dopamine & Serotonin, Pleasure-Pain Balance 01:33:36 Are There Any Positive Effects of Alcohol?, Resveratrol 01:35:42 Alcohol & Brain Thickness 01:37:11 Alcohol & Cancer Risk: DNA Methylation, Breast Cancer Risk 01:44:31 Mitigating Cancer Risk, Folate, B Vitamins 01:46:54 Alcohol & Pregnancy, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 01:50:58 Hormones: Testosterone & Estrogen Balance…

This episode serves as a sort of “Dopamine Masterclass”. I discuss the immensely powerful chemical that we all make in our brain and body: dopamine. I describe what it does and the neural circuits involved. I explain dopamine peaks and baselines, and the cell biology of dopamine depletion. I include 14 tools for how to control your dopamine release for sake of motivation, focus, avoiding and combating addiction and depression, and I explain why dopamine stacking with chemicals and behaviors inevitably leads to states of underwhelm and poor performance. I explain how to achieve sustained increases in baseline dopamine, compounds that injure and protect dopamine neurons including caffeine from specific sources. I describe non-prescription supplements for increasing dopamine—both their benefits and risks—and synergy of pro-dopamine supplements with those that increase acetylcholine. #HubermanLab #Dopamine #Motivation Thank you to our sponsors: ROKA -

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Timestamps: 00:00:00 Introduction & Tool 1 to Induce Lasting Dopamine 00:04:48 Sponsors: Roka, InsideTracker, Headspace 00:09:10 Upcoming (Zero-Cost) Neuroplasticity Seminar for Educators 00:09:58 What Dopamine (Really) Does 00:15:30 Two Main Neural Circuits for Dopamine 00:18:14 How Dopamine Is Released: Locally and Broadly 00:22:03 Fast and Slow Effects of Dopamine 00:25:03 Dopamine Neurons Co-Release Glutamate 00:28:00 Your Dopamine History Really Matters 00:30:30 Parkinson’s & Drugs That Kill Dopamine Neurons. My Dopamine Experience 00:36:58 Tool 3 Controlling Dopamine Peaks & Baselines 00:40:06 Chocolate, Sex (Pursuit & Behavior), Nicotine, Cocaine, Amphetamine, Exercise 00:46:46 Tool 4 Caffeine Increases Dopamine Receptors 00:49:54 Pursuit, Excitement & Your “Dopamine Setpoint” 00:56:46 Your Pleasure-Pain Balance & Defining “Pain” 01:00:00 Addiction, Dopamine Depletion, & Replenishing Dopamine 01:07:50 Tool 5 Ensure Your Best (Healthy) Dopamine Release 01:15:28 Smart Phones: How They Alter Our Dopamine Circuits 01:19:45 Stimulants & Spiking Dopamine: Counterproductive for Work, Exercise & Attention 01:22:20 Caffeine Sources Matter: Yerba Mate & Dopamine Neuron Protection 01:24:20 Caffeine & Neurotoxicity of MDMA 01:26:15 Amphetamine, Cocaine & Detrimental Rewiring of Dopamine Circuits 01:27:57 Ritalin, Adderall, (Ar)Modafinil: ADHD versus non-Prescription Uses 01:28:45 Tool 6 Stimulating Long-Lasting Increases in Baseline Dopamine 01:37:55 Tool 7 Tuning Your Dopamine for Ongoing Motivation 01:47:40 Tool 8 Intermittent Fasting: Effects on Dopamine 01:53:09 Validation of Your Pre-Existing Beliefs Increases Dopamine 01:53:50 Tool 9 Quitting Sugar & Highly Palatable Foods: 48 Hours 01:55:36 Pornography 01:56:50 Wellbutrin & Depression & Anxiety 01:58:30 Tool 10 Mucuna Pruriens, Prolactin, Sperm, Crash Warning 02:01:45 Tool 11 L-Tyrosine: Dosages, Duration of Effects & Specificity 02:05:20 Tool 12 Avoiding Melatonin Supplementation, & Avoiding Light 10pm-4am 02:07:00 Tool 13 Phenylethylamine (with Alpha-GPC) For Dopamine Focus/Energy 02:08:20 Tool 14 Huperzine A 02:10:02 Social Connections, Oxytocin & Dopamine Release 02:12:20 Direct & Indirect Effects: e.g., Maca; Synthesis & Application 02:14:22 Zero-Cost & Other Ways To Support Podcast & Research The Huberman Lab Podcast is for general informational…