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*🛡️Dibru-Saikhowa National Park* ♟️DSNP is a national park in Assam located in Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts. ♟️It was designated a Biosphere Reserve in July 1997 with an area of 765 sq. km. ♟️The park is bounded by the Brahmaputra and Lohit Rivers in the north and the Dibru river in the south. ♟️It mainly consists of moist mixed semi-evergreen forests, moist mixed deciduous forests, canebrakes, and grasslands. ♟️It is the largest Salix swamp forest in north-eastern India, with a tropical monsoon climate with a hot and wet summer and cool and usually dry winter.

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*🛡️National Parks in Madhya Pradesh* Madhya Pradesh is home to eleven national parks, each with distinctive ecosystems and wildlife. Here's an overview of the notable ones: *💎1. Kanha National Park (Kanha Tiger Reserve)* ♟️The largest national park in the state (~940 km²) . ♟️Famous for its barasingha (swamp deer) conservation success, as well as tigers, leopards, and dhole . ♟️Offers well-structured safari experiences in lush sal and bamboo forests . *💎2. Bandhavgarh National Park* ♟️Known for one of the highest tiger densities in India . ♟️The terrain includes ancient forts (Bandhavgarh Fort) and offers rich tiger sighting opportunities . ♟️The Oberoi Vindhyavilas lodge provides a luxurious safari stay that blends comfort with conservation . *💎3. Pench National Park* ♟️Spanning both Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra . ♟️Inspired Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book . ♟️Rich in biodiversity: tigers, leopards, sloth bears, and high herbivore density . *💎4. Panna National Park* ♟️Located in Panna and Chhatarpur districts (~543 km²) . ♟️Known for a successful tiger restoration program, now hosting around 80 tigers . ♟️Encompasses the scenic Ken River, gorges, plateaus, and crocodile habitats . *💎5. Satpura National Park (Satpura Tiger Reserve)* ♟️Part of the larger Satpura Tiger Reserve (~2,133 km²) that includes Satpura, Bori, and Pachmarhi areas . ♟️Offers diverse landscapes—gorges, sandstone peaks, and river valleys—with trekking, canoe, elephant, and walking safaris . *💎6. Kuno National Park* ♟️Declared a national park in 2018 (~748–1,188 km², depending on source) . ♟️Known for the cheetah reintroduction project and ongoing efforts to revive populations of Indian wolves, jackals, and other dry deciduous forest species . *💎7. Van Vihar National Park* ♟️Located in Bhopal (~4.5 km²); unique as a zoo-style protected area with animals in near-natural habitat and road-accessible trails . ♟️Designed for conservation and public education, serving as a green lung for the capital . *💎8. Madhav National Park* ♟️Covers around 337 km² in Shivpuri district . ♟️Known for boating, crocodile sightings, and birdwatching, with attractions like Sakhya and Madhav Sagar lakes . *💎9. Fossil & Dinosaur Fossil National Parks* ♟️Ghughua Fossil Park: Small (~0.27 km²), protects ancient plant fossils . ♟️Dinosaur Fossil National Park: Around 108 km², preserving fossilized dinosaur remains . *💎10. Sanjay (Sanjay-Dubri) National Park* ♟️Area ~467 km²; located in Sidhi and Singrauli districts . ♟️Includes Dubri region and has rich wildlife, including tigers and diverse bird species. *💎Quick Reference Table* *♟️National Park Area (approx.) Key Highlights* ⚜️Kanha 940 km² Barasingha conservation, tigers, large reserve ⚜️Bandhavgarh ~437–1,536 km² High tiger density, historical fort, luxury safari stays ⚜️Pench ~293–758 km² Jungle Book setting, rich fauna, cross-state access ⚜️Panna ~543 km² Tiger restoration, scenic geology, crocodiles ⚜️Satpura ~2,133 km² Trekking, canoeing, walking safaris, diverse landscapes ⚜️Kuno ~748–1,188 km² Cheetah project, dry deciduous habitat ⚜️Van Vihar ~4.5 km² Urban zoo-like park in Bhopal ⚜️Madhav ~337 km² Boating, birding, lakes, crocodile sightings ⚜️Fossil & Dinosaur Parks ~0.27–108 km² Prehistoric fossil preservation ⚜️Sanjay-Dubri ~467 km² Tiger habitat and forest in central MP *♟️For unforgettable tiger sightings:* Bandhavgarh, Kanha, Pench, Panna. *♟️For tranquil and rugged wilderness:* Satpura offers solitude and immersive experiences. *♟️For conservation success stories:* Panna (tigers), Kuno (cheetahs). *♟️For easy access in the capital:* Van Vihar in Bhopal. *♟️For unique prehistoric interest:* Fossil and Dinosaur parks. *♟️For boating or birding adventures:* Madhav and Panna.

*🛡️Dead Sea* ♟️The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel. ♟️It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee. ♟️It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River. ♟️It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world. ♟️To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East. ♟️It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earth’s lowest land-based feature. ♟️ *Salinity* The Dead Sea is one of the Earth’s saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%. ♟️It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarctica’s Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djibouti’s Lake Assal. ♟️The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation. ♟️The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms. ♟️It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.

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*Supporting Balanced Fertilization:* *Nutrient-Based Subsidy Rates for Rabi 2025–26* _Ensuring affordability and productivity in Indian agriculture_ Key Highlights 🌾 The Government *approved the Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Rabi 2025–26* , effective from 1 October 2025 to 31 March 2026, covering Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers, including DAP and NPKS grades. 💰 The *tentative budgetary requirement for Rabi 2025–26* is approximately *₹37,952 crore ,about ₹736 crore higher* than the budgetary requirement for the Kharif 2025 season. 📊 Over *₹2.04 lakh crore allocated* between 2022–23 and 2024–25 towards *NBS subsidies* , ensuring affordable access to fertilizers. 🏭 NBS has driven *significant growth in domestic fertilizer production* , with P&K fertilizers (DAP and NPKS) output *increasing from 112.19 LMT in 2014 to 168.55 LMT in 2025* (as on 30.12.2025), reflecting over *50% growth* during the period.

*🛡️Pacific Ocean* *💎Warm Currents:-* ♟️1. Kuroshio Current (Japan Current) ♟️2. North Equatorial Current ♟️3. South Equatorial Current ♟️4. East Australian Current ♟️5. Equatorial Counter Current ♟️6. Alaskan Current *💎Cold Currents:-* ♟️1. Oyashio Current ♟️2. California Current ♟️3. Peru Current (Humboldt Current) ♟️4. West Wind Drift (part of Antarctic Circumpolar Current).

*🛡️Major Wildlife Institutes* ♟️Indian Zoological Survey Centre – Kolkata ♟️Centre for Ecological Sciences – Bengaluru ♟️Indian Institute of Forest Management – Bhopal ♟️Govind Ballabh Pant Institute – Almora (Uttarakhand) ♟️Indian Forest College – Dehradun (Uttarakhand) ♟️Indian Forest Survey Centre – Dehradun (Uttarakhand) ♟️Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment – New Delhi ♟️Indian Forest Ranger College – Dehradun ♟️Indian Wildlife Research Institute – Dehradun ♟️Indian Zoological Survey Centre Kolkata ♟️Indian Wildlife Research Institute – Dehradun ♟️Indian Botanical Garden – Kolkata ♟️Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON) – Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) ♟️National Environmental Research Institute – Nagpur ♟️Rainforest Research Institute – Jorhat ♟️Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Institute - Coimbatore ♟️Forest Productivity Centre – Ranchi ♟️Central Avian Research Institute - Izzatnagar, Bareilly. 

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*🛡️Important Conferences Related to Environment* ♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971 ♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973 ♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987 ♟️Vienna Convention - 1988 ♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992 ♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992 ♟️Basel Convention - 1989 ♟️Rio Summit - 1992 ♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000 ♟️UN-REDD - 2008 ♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010 ♟️Minamata Convention - 2013 ♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994 ♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997 ♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998

*🛡️Women & Gender Data Highlights* ♟️Overall sex ratio = 1020 women for every 1000 men, sex ratios at birth abnormally low = 929/1000 ♟️Increase in share of gender budget in total union budget to 6.5% in 2024 ♟️Female Labour Force Participation Rate - 2023 = 37% (2018 = 23%), global average = 65% ♟️PMJDY - 55% account holders are women ♟️India ranked 129/146 in Global Gender Gap Index 2024, ranked behind neighbours like B’desh (99), China (106), Nepal (117), Sri Lanka (122), Bhutan (124) ♟️Women in India on average earn 70% of what men earn for the same job (globally = 80%) ♟️Women in Indian Parliament = 14.7% (lower than global avg of 27%) ♟️Literacy rate of women in India is 65% while that of men is 82% ♟️Women make up > 40% of STEM graduates but constitue < 15% of STEM professionals employed in R&D institutions ♟️More than 90% of women are involved in unpaid domestic services for household members (men = 27%) ♟️57% of the women aged 15-49 are anaemic ♟️74.10% of married women have their demand for family planning met by any modern method ♟️210 among every 1,000 persons in managerial positions are women ♟️55.63% Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan accounts held by women.