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𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐋𝐢𝐟𝐞 "𝗗𝗼𝗻’𝘁 𝘀𝗮𝘆 𝗚𝗼𝗱 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄𝘀 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘄𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝘀𝗹𝗲𝗲𝗽; 𝘄𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗛𝗲 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄𝘀 𝗶𝘀 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘁, 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗲𝗳𝗳𝗼𝗿𝘁." ተኝተህ ፈጣሪ ያውቃል አትበል ፈጣሪ የሚያውቀው መተኛትህን ነው። 🔹Here’s what this means

- 𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑨𝒍𝒎𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕, 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒕 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔𝒏’𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒓𝒚.

- 𝒀𝒐𝒖 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒃𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆 𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆.

- 𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝑮𝒐𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆, 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔.

- 𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒕, 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒋𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.

- 𝑺𝒖𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒅𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒄𝒂𝒏, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒆.

══════════════ 🍁@SmartstudyStream ◉ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐭𝐨 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬!  

የኢትዮጵያ ብሔራዊ እና ሃይማኖታዊ በዓላት የትኞቹ ናቸው?

የሕዝብ በዓላትን እና የበዓላትን አከባበር ለመወሰን በወጣው አዋጅ ቁጥር 1334/2016 መሠረት ብሔራዊ፣ ሃይማኖታዊ እና ታስበው የሚውሉ በዓላት ተወስነዋል።

ግንቦት 20

ከወራት በፊት በፀደቀው የህዝብ በዓላት እና የበዓላት አከባበርን ለመወሰን በወጣው አዋጅ በልማድ ሲከበር የቆየው " ግንቦት 20 " ብሔራዊ በዓልነቱ ቀርቷል።

በመሆኑም በዚህ ዕለት የሚዘጋ መንግሥታዊ እና መንግሥታዊ ያልሆነ ተቋም አይኖርም / የሚዘጋ ስራ የለም። ══════════════ 🍁@SmartstudyStream ◉ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐭𝐨 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬!  

የ2017 የ12ኛ ክፍል አገር አቀፍ ፈተና የሚሰጥበት ቀን ይፋ ሆኗል። 1. የተፈጥሮ ሳይንስ ተማሪዎች ፈተና መቼ ይሰጣል ?

🔹 በወረቀት ፈተናቸውን የሚወስዱ ፦ ሰኔ 23-25

🔹 በኦንላይን የ1ኛ ዙር ተፈታኞች፦ ሰኔ 23-25

🔹 በኦንላይን የ2ኛ ዙር ተፈታኞች፦ ሰኔ 26 ፣ ሰኔ 27 እና ሰኔ 30

2. የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ተማሪዎች ፈተና መቼ ይሰጣል ?

🌀 በወረቀት ፈተናቸውን የሚወስዱ፦ ሐምሌ 1 - 3

🌀 ኦንላይን የሚወስዱ የ1ኛ ዙር ተፈታኞች፦ ሐምሌ 1 - 3

🌀 በኦንላይን የሚወስዱ የ2ኛ ዙር ተፈታኞች፦ ሐምሌ 4 ፣ ሐምሌ 7 እና ሐምሌ 8

ለ12ኛ ክፍል ተማሪዎች በሙሉ መልካም የክለሳ ጊዜ እና ውጤት እንመኛለን።  ══════════════ 🍁@SmartstudyStream ◉ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐭𝐨 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬!  

Properties of periodic table

ምን መሠላችሁ ዘመናዊው periodic table በውስጡ በጣም ብዙ እንቆቅልሾች ያሉት ሲሆን እያንዳንዱ የ elements አሰላለፍ እና አቀማመጥ ልዩ ትርጉም ያላቸው ናቸው ።

ከእነዚህ ሚስጥሮች ውስጥ የተወሰኑትን እናያለን እነርሱም ።

atomic size, metallic character, ionization energy, electro negativity and electron affinity  ናቸው ። ፈተና በደንብ ይወጣባቸዋል ።

🪴The nuclear charge

is the total charge in the nucleus of all the protons. Increase both down a group and across a period .

Nuclear charge የ proton መጠን ማለት ሲሆን በሁሉም አቅጣጫ እየጨመረ ይሄዳል 🪴Atomic Size (Atomic Radii)

Exact size of an isolated atom cannot be measured because the electron cloud surrounding the atom does not have a sharp boundary.

However, an estimate of the atomic size can be made by measuring the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent atoms. This property is called the atomic radius.

📚ትክክለኛውን የ አቶሞች ርቀት ማወቅ እጅግ ከባድ ነው ። ነገር ግን ተቀራራቢ የሆነውን ዋጋ ለማስቀመጥ እንገደዳለን ።

⛑Atomic radius generally increases in a group from top to bottom but it decreases in a period from left to right. Atomic size

ከላይ ወደ ታች በተመሳሳይ group ስንሄድ እየጨመረ ይሄዳል ። በተቃራኒው ከግራ ወደ ቀኝ across a period ስንሄድ ደግሞ ይቀንሳል ።

🪴Ionization Energy (IE)

is the energy (in kJ) required for the complete removal of 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms or ions to form a positive ion .

ionization energy ማለት አቶሞች በ reaction ጊዜ electron ያስወግዳሉ ። በዚህ ጊዜ የሚያወጡት energy አለ ። ይሄም ionization energy በመባል ይታወቃል ።

🪴Electron Affinity (EA)

The electron affinity is the energy change for the process of adding an electron to a  neutral atom in the gaseous state to form a negative ion:

Electron affinity

ማለት ደግሞ ማለት አቶሞች በ reaction ጊዜ electron ይቀበላሉ ። በዚህ ጊዜ የሚያወጡት energy አለ ። ይሄም electron affinity በመባል ይታወቃል ።

ምሳሌ Na + Cl ----->NaCl ብንመለከት Na------->Na+   ሲቀየር electron loss አድርጓል ይሄም ionization energy ይባላል ። Cl------------>Cl-   ሲቀየር electron gain (add) አድርጓል ይሄም electron affinity ይባላል ። Electron affinity እና ionization energy down the group decrease , across period ደግሞ increase ነው ቢባልም Exception ይኖረናል ። እነርሱም Factors Affecting Ionization Energy

🚩The influence of the electrons’ arrangement. If an atom’s orbitals are exactly half filled or completely filled, the arrangement is more stable than expected;

The first ionization energy of boron is less than that of beryllium and the first ionization energy of oxygen is less than that of nitrogen. The reason for the discrepancy is due to the electron configuration of these elements and Hund's rule

B<Be and O₂ < N₂  ምክንያቱም  Be and N₂ more stable ስለሆኑ ስለዚህ more stable elements require more ionization  energy for removing electron .

🚩Atomic size or radius:

As the atomic size or radius grows, the ionisation enthalpy falls. The attractive force on the outer electron reduces as the distance between the outer electrons and the nucleus grows with the growth in atomic radius.

🚩Nuclear charge:

As the nuclear charge increases, the ionisation enthalpy increases proportionally.

🚩The shielding or screening action of electrons in the inner shell. Ionisation enthalpy reduces as the shielding effect of the inner electrons, also known as the screening effect, grows stronger. As a result, the nucleus’s force of attraction for the electrons in the valence shell reduces, and as a result, the ionisation enthalpy lowers.

🪴Electronegativity  indicates the extent of attraction by which the electrons of the  bond pair are attracted by an atom linked by this bond.

ይሄ ምንም አዲስ ነገር የለውም የአቶሞች more negative መሆን ነው ። ይሄም በመካከላቸው ያለውን ስበት ጥንካሬ ይሰጠዋል ። ልክ እንደሌሎቹ ሁሉ down a group decrease ያደርጋል ። across a period ደግሞ increase ያደርጋል ። በዚህም ትልልቅ electro negativity ያላቸው የሚከተሉት ናቸው ። Ғᴏɴᴄl  ብላችሁ ያዟቸው ። F>O₂>N₂>Cl₂  ከእነዚህም ውስጥ FON የሚባሉት ከ H₂ ጋር reaction ከፈጠሩ hydrogen bond ይሰራሉ ።

══════════════ 🍁@SmartstudyStream ◉ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐭𝐨 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬!  

🌻important terms in physics for EUEE 1. Force: An interaction that causes an object to change its velocity, typically measured in newtons (N). 2. Mass: A measure of the amount of matter in an object, usually measured in kilograms (kg). 3. Weight: The force exerted by gravity on an object, calculated as the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (W = mg). 4. Energy: The capacity to do work, which can exist in various forms such as kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical energy. 5. Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its motion, calculated using the formula KE = 1/2 mv^2, where m is mass and v is velocity. 6. Potential Energy: The energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration, often associated with gravitational or elastic forces. 7. Work: The energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement, calculated as W = Fd cos(θ), where F is force, d is displacement, and θ is the angle between the force and displacement vectors. 8. Power: The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in watts (W), where 1  W = 1  J/s. 9. Momentum: The quantity of motion an object has, defined as the product of its mass and velocity (p = mv). 10. Impulse: The change in momentum of an object when a force is applied over a period of time, calculated as J = F Δ t. 11. Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time, measured in meters per second squared (m/s²). 12. Newton’s Laws of Motion: Three fundamental principles that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it:    - First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.    - Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma).    - Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. 13. Friction: The resistance encountered when one surface moves over another, which can be static or kinetic. 14. Thermodynamics: The branch of physics that deals with heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer. 15. Entropy: A measure of disorder or randomness in a system; in thermodynamics, it indicates the direction of spontaneous processes. 16. Electric Charge: A property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field; charges can be positive or negative. 17. Voltage: The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V). 18. Current: The flow of electric charge in a circuit, measured in amperes (A). 19. Resistance: The opposition to the flow of electric current in a conductor, measured in ohms (Ω). 20. Ohm’s Law: A fundamental relationship in electrical circuits stating that V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance. 21. Wave: A disturbance that transfers energy through space or matter, characterized by its wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. 22. Frequency: The number of cycles of a wave that pass a given point per unit time, measured in hertz (Hz). 23. Wavelength: The distance between successive crests (or troughs) of a wave, typically measured in meters. 24. Refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed. 25. Reflection: The bouncing back of light or sound waves when they encounter a surface. 26. Gravity: A natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are attracted toward one another; described by Newton’s law of universal gravitation. 27. Quantum Mechanics: The branch of physics that deals with the behavior of particles on very small scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles. 𝑱𝒐𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒕𝑺𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒚 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎! 🚀 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆! ══════════════ 🍁@SmartstudyStream ◉ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐭𝐨 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬!  

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Hey Smart Students! 🧠 Get ready to ACE your exams with SmartStudy Stream on Telegram! 🚀 Here, you'll find: • 🔥 FREE notes and study guides • 🔥 Practice tests and past exams • 🔥 Expert help with your homework • 🔥 News from the Ministry of Education • 🔥 Tips and tricks for grades 5-12! Let's make learning FUN and EASY! 🎉 Join now and let's start Stream to Smart Results! 🌟 #Ethiopia #Education #Telegram 𝓙𝓸𝓲𝓷 𝓾𝓼👇 ══════════════ _✍️▄ @SmartstudyStream 𝐍𝐔𝐑𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄 𝐅𝐔𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄 𝐋𝐄𝐀𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐒