Class 12th History 20-21

Tracking Social Differences. 4.1 Burials... We need to know about the term burials - in hindi the meaning of burial is ( दफन) so we are familiar with the word burial. Hamne last year massive pyramid of egypt ke bare me pdha tha, so harappan civilization ke burial bhi usi time ke the. Jab cemetery sides ka excavation ho raha tha mid 1980s Harappa me tu kuch ornaments mile the three shell ring , a Jasper bead and hundred micro bead mile the aak male ke skull ke pass. At last, we know that the harappan did not believe in burying precious things. 4.2 Looking for 'luxuries'... Archaeologists broadly classify as - Utilitarian.... - Luxuries.... Utilitarian - This include daily uses material. Materials such as clay , querns, pottery,needles, etc. Luxuries- Made from costly non-local material or with complicated technologies. Eg. Little pot of faience ( a material made of ground sand or slilca mixed with colour and a gum and then fired ) were probably difficult to make. Mohanjodaro and Harappa and are rarely found in the smaller settlement. This is about the 'Tracking Social Differences'.

DISCOVERING THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION by VED JAIN

Topic - FINDING OUT ABOUT CRAFT PRODUCTION by PRAGATI RAJ

Finding out about craft production... . . Firstly.we need to knw about the term craft ... Craft ek aise manufacturing process h jo ki haatho se kiya jta h wthout using tols .. Chanhudaro...ye ek aise jagh thi jha raw materials ko Procure kiya jta tha... Chanhudaro.. Bead making, shell cutting ,metal working, seal makingand weight making k liye bhut famous place thi... Even yha pr hume nageshwar aur balakot jise sites v dekhi gi.. Aur yha pr raw materials pehlye se hi available thi isliye yha production ki gi.. There was soo many raw materials..stones like carnelian... (beautiful red colour), jasper, crystal, steatite.. Metal like gold, copper and also bronze, ... Wha kuch aise v beads milye jin k shapes dice, cylindrical, spherical, barrel the.... Steatite.. Ek bhut aasani se milne wla soft stone tha... Kuch beads ko steatite k sth melt kr k paste bnaya jta tha Nd thn ushye koi v shape deya jta tha.. Aur ye aj v ek puzzle h humre archaeologists k liye ki steatite micro bead akhir banaye kise jatye the... Chanhudaro, lathal nd dholavira me drills mil ... Nageshwar nd balakot are specialised Centres for making shell Objects... Including bangles, ladles, nd inlay....... Now we study about.. Identifying centres of production.... .. Humeye es topic me ye pdha h ki kise archaeologists ko pta chla ki yhi centre h jha craft production hoti thi... Toh mainly es k 2 methods h... 1st ..raw materials... Nd 2nd.. Waste.. (kabhi kabhi choti se object ko banane k wjh se jda maatra me object waste ho jati thi.... aur es wjh se wo earth k andr chli gi...archaeologists ko excavation me kuch aise waste material objects milye jinse.. Es bato ka pta chla... )... Soo ths is all about craft production....

Topic - ANCIENT AUTHORITY by JHANVI

II'l try to explain mt topic well Agr kuch smgh na ae toh bta dena pls

Theme 1 - THE STORY OF THE FIRST CITIES: HARAPPAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1. BEGINNINGS 2. SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES 2.1 Agricultural Technologies 3. MOHENJODARO A PLANNED URBAN CENTRE 3.1 Laying Out Drains 3.2 Domestic Architecture 3.3 The Citadel 4. TRACKING SOCIAL DIFFERENCES 4.1 Burials 4.2 Looking Out "Luxuries" 5. FINDING OUT ABOUT CRAFT PRODUCTION 5.1 Identifying Centres Of Production 6. STRATEGIES FOR PROCURING MATERIALS 6.1 Materials From The Subcontinent And Beyond 6.2 Contact With Distant Lands 7. SEALS, SCRIPT, WEIGHTS 7.1 Seals and Sealings 7.2 An Enigmatic Script 7.3 Weights 8. ANCIENT AUTHORITY 8.1 Places And Kings 9. THE END OF THE CIVILIZATION 10. DISCOVERING THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION 10.1 Cunningham's Confusion 10.2 A New Old Civilization 10.3 New Techniques And Questions 11. PROBLEMS OF PIECING TOGETHER THE PAST 11.1 Classifying Finds 11.2 Problems Of Interpretation