Mathematics Optional

✍ सीमा रेखाएं - प्रमुख अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमाएँ 🌀 ------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – डूरंड रेखा (Durand Line) ● किसके बीच – पाकिस्तान तथा अफगानिस्तान ● 1886 में सर मार्टिमर डूरंड द्वारा निर्धारित। ----------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – मैकमोहन रेखा (Macmahon Line) ● किसके बीच – भारत तथा चीन ● 1120 किमी. लंबी यह रेखा सर हेनरी मैकमोहन द्वारा निर्धारित की गई थी। लेकिन चीन इसे स्वीकार नहीं करता। ----------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – रेडक्लिफ रेखा (Radcliffe Line) ● किसके बीच – भारत तथा पाकिस्तान ● 1947 में भारत-पाकिस्तान सीमा आयोग के अध्यक्ष सर सायरिल रेडक्लिफ द्वारा निर्धारित। ------------------------ √√ रेखा का नाम – 17 वीं समानांतर रेखा (17th Parallel) ● किसके बीच – उत्तरी वियतनाम तथा द. वियतनाम ● वियतनाम के एकीकरण के पहले यह देश को दो भागों में बांटती थी। ----------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – 24 वीं समानांतर रेखा (24th Parallel) ● किसके बीच – भारत तथा पाकिस्तान ● पाकिस्तान के अनुसार कच्छ क्षेत्र का यह रेखा सही निर्धारण करती है लेकिन भारत इस रेखा को स्वीकार नहीं करता है। ----------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – 38 वीं समानांतर रेखा (38th Parallel) ● किसके बीच – उत्तर कोरिया तथा दक्षिण कोरिया ● कोरिया को दो भागों में बांटती है। ------------------------ √√ रेखा का नाम – 49 वीं समानांतर रेखा (49th Parallel) ● किसके बीच – अमेरिका तथा कनाडा ● अमेरिका तथा कनाडा को दो भागों में बांटती है। ----------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – हिंडनबर्ग रेखा (Hindenburg Line) ● किसके बीच – जर्मनी तथा पोलैंड ● प्रथम विश्व युद्ध में जर्मनी की सेना यहीं से वापस लौटी थी। ------------------------ √√ रेखा का नाम – ओडरनास रेखा (Order-Neisse Line) ● किसके बीच – जर्मनी तथा पोलैंड ● द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के बाद निर्धारित की गई। ----------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – मैगिनाट रेखा (Maginot Line) ● किसके बीच – जर्मनी तथा फ्रांस ● जर्मनी के आक्रमण से बचाव के लिए फ्रांस ने यह रेखा बनाई थी। ------------------------ √√ रेखा का नाम – सीजफ्राइड रेखा (Seigfrid Line) ● किसके बीच – जर्मनी तथा फ्रांस ● जर्मनी ने यह रेखा बनाई थी। Join @UPSCMainsGuidance

There are 4 types of genetic diseases 1⃣ Single Gene - Disorders caused by abnormality or mutation in the sequence of one gene. 2⃣ Multifactorial - Caused by a combination of environmental factors as well as mutations in multiple genes. 3⃣ Chromosomal - Abnormalities in chromosome structure such has missing or extra copies 4⃣ Mitochondrial - Caused by a mutation in non-chromosomal DNA of mitochondria

42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. Those DPSPs are: 1⃣ Article 39 - To secure opportunities for healthy development of children. 2⃣ Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor. 3⃣ Article 43A - To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries 4⃣ Article 48A - To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life.

#Shell_companies are corporate entities which do not have any active business or significant assets in their possession. These companies remain legally registered (but merely on paper), without actually producing goods and services. They are mainly set up for the purposes of tax evasion and money laundering.

Dark Net, Deep Web and Surface Web ✅"Dark net" is commonly confused with "deep web." The deep web refers to unindexed sites which are unsearchable; in most cases, this is because those sites are protected by passwords. ✅Part of the WWW (World Wide Web) which is not indexed by a search engine like Google is Deep Web and it about 500-600 times larger than the surface web. ✅Surface Web -Also called the Visible Web, Indexed Web, Indexable Web or Lightnet -is that portion of the World Wide Web that is readily available to the general public and searchable with standard web search engines. It is the opposite of the deep web. It only constitutes 4-6% of the whole web. @civilservicesBaba

Scope of application of nanotechnology in the development process of the country: Agriculture: Nanotechnology can be used in agriculture and food production in the form of Nano sensors for monitoring crop growth and pest control by early identification of plant diseases. These Nano sensors can help enhance production and improve food safety. With inputs related to water use, fertiliser and pesticides delivered in nanoscale productivity and yield can be increased. Medical applications: Development of newer drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology methods is being tried for conditions like cancer, diabetes, fungal infections, and viral infections and in gene therapy. Nanotechnology has also found its use in diagnostic medicine as contrast agents, fluorescent dyes and magnetic nanoparticles. Electronics: The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the performance of electronic systems for more than four decades by downscaling silicon-based devices. Carbon nanomaterials such as one dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes and two dimensional (2D) graphene have emerged as promising options due to their superior electrical properties which allow for fabrication of faster and more power-efficient electronics. Textiles and Clothing: Nanotechnology has shown a huge potential in the textile and clothing industry which is normally very traditional. Coating is a common technique used to apply Nano-particles onto textiles. The success of nanotechnology in textile applications lies in areas of durability, flexibility, wash ability and softness. The use of nanotechnology allows textiles to become multifunctional and produce fabrics with special functions, including antibacterial, UV-protection, easy clean, water & stain repellent and anti-odour. Energy equipment: Nanoscales and nanoporous membranes are being used to facilitate production of biomass fuel. Energy transmission could potentially be made much more efficient by using engineered nanomaterials. Throughout the renewable-energy sector, nanotechnology has the potential to increase process efficiencies and process yields, decrease costs and enable energy processes that would not be attainable any other way. @civilservicesBaba

Nanotechnology ✅Nanotechnology is the term given to those areas of science and engineering where phenomena that take place at dimensions in the nanometre scale are utilised in the design, characterisation, production and application of materials, structures, devices and systems. ✅Nanotechnology primarily refers to the use and creation of particles that are smaller than 100 nanometre.  ✅The American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate Richard Feynman introduce the concept of nanotechnology in 1959 @civilservicesBaba

Blood Groups: ABO ✅ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens (chemicals that can induce immune response) on the RBCs namely A and B. ✅Similarly, the plasma of different individuals contain two natural antibodies (proteins produced in response to antigens). ✅ABO blood groups are controlled by the gene I. The plasma membrane of the red blood cells has sugar polymers that protrude from its surface and the kind of sugar is controlled by the gene. The gene (I) has three alleles IA, IB and i. ✅The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar while allele i does not produce any sugar. ✅Because humans are diploid organisms, each person possesses any two of the three I gene alleles. ✅IA and IB are completely dominant over i, in other words when IA and i are present only IA expresses (because i does not produce any sugar), and when IB and i are present IB expresses. ✅But when IA and IB are present together they both express their own types of sugars: this is because of co-dominance. Hence red blood cells have both A and B types of sugars.@civilservicesBaba