UPSC GEOGRAPHY

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Repost from UPSC GEOGRAPHY

■ GONDWANA COAL #Economicgeography (formed 250 million years ago) ◇ Around 98 per cent of India's coal reserves and 99% of total coal production are from Gondwana fields. ◇ The carbon content in Gondwana coal (250 million years old) is less compared to the Carboniferous coal (350 million years old – almost absent in India) because of its much younger age. ◇ The volatile compounds and ash (~ 30%) don’t allow carbon percentage to rise above 60%. (It requires a few million years more for the quality has to get better). ◇ Gondwana coal is free from moisture, but it contains Sulphur and phosphorus. ◇ Coking as well as non-coking coal and bituminous coal are obtained from Gondwana coal fields. ◇ Anthracite is generally not found in the Gondwana coal fields. ◇ The Damuda series (i.e. Lower Gondwana) possesses the best worked coalfields accounting for 80 per cent of the total coal production in India. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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67 144

Repost from UPSC GEOGRAPHY

■ GONDWANA COAL #Economicgeography (formed 250 million years ago) ◇ Around 98 per cent of India's coal reserves and 99% of total coal production are from Gondwana fields. ◇ The carbon content in Gondwana coal (250 million years old) is less compared to the Carboniferous coal (350 million years old – almost absent in India) because of its much younger age. ◇ The volatile compounds and ash (~ 30%) don’t allow carbon percentage to rise above 60%. (It requires a few million years more for the quality has to get better). ◇ Gondwana coal is free from moisture, but it contains Sulphur and phosphorus. ◇ Coking as well as non-coking coal and bituminous coal are obtained from Gondwana coal fields. ◇ Anthracite is generally not found in the Gondwana coal fields. ◇ The Damuda series (i.e. Lower Gondwana) possesses the best worked coalfields accounting for 80 per cent of the total coal production in India. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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Repost from UPSC GEOGRAPHY

■ GONDWANA COAL #Economicgeography (formed 250 million years ago) ◇ Around 98 per cent of India's coal reserves and 99% of total coal production are from Gondwana fields. ◇ The carbon content in Gondwana coal (250 million years old) is less compared to the Carboniferous coal (350 million years old – almost absent in India) because of its much younger age. ◇ The volatile compounds and ash (~ 30%) don’t allow carbon percentage to rise above 60%. (It requires a few million years more for the quality has to get better). ◇ Gondwana coal is free from moisture, but it contains Sulphur and phosphorus. ◇ Coking as well as non-coking coal and bituminous coal are obtained from Gondwana coal fields. ◇ Anthracite is generally not found in the Gondwana coal fields. ◇ The Damuda series (i.e. Lower Gondwana) possesses the best worked coalfields accounting for 80 per cent of the total coal production in India. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ GONDWANA COAL #Economicgeography (formed 250 million years ago) ◇ Around 98 per cent of India's coal reserves and 99% of total coal production are from Gondwana fields. ◇ The carbon content in Gondwana coal (250 million years old) is less compared to the Carboniferous coal (350 million years old – almost absent in India) because of its much younger age. ◇ The volatile compounds and ash (~ 30%) don’t allow carbon percentage to rise above 60%. (It requires a few million years more for the quality has to get better). ◇ Gondwana coal is free from moisture, but it contains Sulphur and phosphorus. ◇ Coking as well as non-coking coal and bituminous coal are obtained from Gondwana coal fields. ◇ Anthracite is generally not found in the Gondwana coal fields. ◇ The Damuda series (i.e. Lower Gondwana) possesses the best worked coalfields accounting for 80 per cent of the total coal production in India. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ CLASSIFICATION OF COAL. 3. BITUMINOUS COAL (black coal) ◇ Bituminous Coal is soft, dense, compact coal with 40 to 80 per cent carbon. ◇ Bituminous Coal is the most widely available and used coal. ◇ It derives its name after a liquid called bitumen. ◇ Moisture and volatile content are low (15 to 40 per cent). ◇ It does not have traces of original vegetable material. ◇ Calorific value is very high due to high proportion of carbon and low moisture. ◇ It is used in the production of coke and gas.

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■ CLASSIFICATION OF COAL. 3. BITUMINOUS COAL (black coal) ◇ Bituminous Coal is soft, dense, compact coal with 40 to 80 per cent carbon. ◇ Bituminous Coal is the most widely available and used coal. ◇ It derives its name after a liquid called bitumen. ◇ Moisture and volatile content are low (15 to 40 per cent). ◇ It does not have traces of original vegetable material. ◇ Calorific value is very high due to high proportion of carbon and low moisture. ◇ It is used in the production of coke and gas.

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