A Psycho-Contextual Translation of the Qur’an
God created human beings in three dimensions: 1) biologically/physically, 2) spiritually/metaphysically, and 3) mentally. In other words, humans are composed of mind, body, and spirit.
Biological and Physical Creation
Humans are biologically distinct from other creations, such as angels who were created from light. Humans share many traits with other creatures but are notably unique due to their erect posture and upright gait. This physical uniqueness is complemented by sociability, a key human trait. The Qur’an details the stages of human creation, emphasising the meticulous process: from clay to a drop, clot, fetus, bones, and flesh, culminating in a complete human being (23:12−14). This detailed description highlights the unique biological and physical aspects of human creation. Humans have biological needs and characteristics that distinguish them from other creations of God, such as the need to eat, sleep, procreate, and rest.
Spiritual and Metaphysical Creation
Humans are also created metaphysically. The aspect of the rūḥ (spirit) is described as the life energy that Allah created to give life to humanity. The Qur’an mentions numerous spiritual dimensions of human beings. Humans were created with fitra, or the natural disposition to recognise God. This is reflected in the primordial covenant when God gathered the souls (arwāḥ) and proclaimed, "Am I not your Lord?" to which all of humanity replied in the affirmative.
Psychological and Emotional Creation
Humans are created with psychological and emotional capacities. God endowed humans with propensities for various emotions and feelings, such as love, fear, anxiety, and pleasure. These emotions are not simply chemical reactions in the brain; they involve multiple factors. For instance, when we are anxious, our heart rate may increase, which shows the interconnectedness of our physical and emotional states. However, these responses are not necessarily intrinsic or unalterable parts of human creation.
Intellectual and Rational Creation
Humans were created with intellectual capacity. They are rational beings who think and ponder. This intellectual capacity is not solely understood from a mental perspective; the heart also plays a role in thinking and perceiving. The Qur’an encourages humans to use their intellect and hearts to reflect and understand the world around them.
Human beings are a composite of biological, spiritual, psychological, and intellectual dimensions, each intricately connected to the others. This multifaceted creation underscores the unique status of humans in the Qur’anic narrative. The relationship between the various dimensions of human beings is complex.
In Q.70:19, "halu'a" is translated by various translators in different ways, including: impatient, anxious, weak in courage, greedy, covetous, miserly, rash, fretful, hasty, quickly irritated, and restless disposition.
In classical tafsir, a number of characteristics are mentioned, not just one. In other words, it’s not simply being impatient but also greedy, etc.
Some scholars describe this as the nature of human beings. This is part of their jibillat – disposition. So, did God create human beings to be fretful/impatient by nature, except for the musallin? Some scholars say the first part of the verse refers to the Kuffar, and the subsequent verses refer to the believers, the muwahhidin. Therefore, it is not an unalterable state. It depends on a number of factors.
Linguistically, it describes stinginess as being "hāla'," where "hāla'" is its subject. Most commonly, the term used is "halū'," and it is not said "hāla' for him" as it does not take an object.
It is an attribution, like they say: "a sleeping night," "a concealing secret," "a fasting day," and "a stormy day." All these, according to Sibawayh, indicate attribution, meaning "possessing such-and-such," as they say: "a date-seller" and "a milkman."
This seems to imply that human beings have the propensity or capacity to be weak in courage, greedy, etc., given certain conditions.