|🍁UP BOARD ENGLISH NCERT CLASS 12🍁|

Narration/speech Part 1️⃣ Assertive sentence 💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐 Says to = tells Say to = tell Said to= told ( " )= that ❣❣❣❣❣❣❣❣❣❣❣❣❣ said = said Say= say Says= says

❣Syntax❣ 💐adjective 💐 Elder, eldest vs older, oldest ❌ Don't say: He is my older brother. ✅ Say:He is my elder brother. ▪️ 'Elder' and 'eldest' should be used for persons only, strictly speaking, they are used for the members of the same family only. 'Older' and 'oldest' are used for both persons and things 💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐

💐3. Change of other parts of speech❣ Direct Indirect This That These Those Here There Now Then Thus So Today That day Tonight That night Tomorrow The following day या the next day Yesterday The previous day Ago Before Next day The following day Last day The previous day Next=the following Last=the previous 💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐

❣2. Change of tenses❣ ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 1.Present Ind.T.👉Past ind.T. Do/does not=did not Do/does=did V¹/V⁵=V² ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 2.Present cont.t.👉past cont.t Is,am,are=was,were ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 3.P. perfect t👉past perfect t. Has/have+V3=had+v³ ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 4. P. per.con.t.👉past p.c.t. Has/have+been=had been ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 5.Past ind.=past perfect t. Did=had+v³ V²=had+v³ ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 6.past cont.t.=past perfect con. Was/were+v⁴=had been+v⁴ ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 7.past perfect tense=no change ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 8.past perfect con.t=no change ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ Shall=should Will=would Can=could May=might ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐💐

Direct and Indirect Narration Rules ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 1. Change of persons 👉 Reporting reported Speech Speech S 👈 👁️ 1️⃣ I,we,me,my,us, O 👈 👁️ 2️⃣you, your N 👈 👁️ 3️⃣he,she,they,it S=subject, O=object, N=no change 1️⃣ = 1st person 2️⃣ = 2nd person 3️⃣ = 3rd person 1. यदि reported speech में first person(I,We) का pronoun हो। तो वह reporting speech के subject के अनुसार बदला जाता है।S👈1️⃣ 2.यदि reported speech में second(you,your) person का pronoun हो। तो वह reporting speech के object के अनुसार बदला जाता है। O👈2️⃣ 3.यदि reported speech में third person(he, she,it,they) का pronoun हो। तो उसमे कोई परिवर्तन नही होता है।N👈3️⃣no change 💡💡💡💡💡💡💡💡💡💡💡💡

🥀🥀Antonyms🥀🥀 📢📢📢📢📢📢📢📢📢📢📢📢 1. Blame(दोष निकालना)=praise 2. Bold (साहसी) =timid 3. Ambiguous(अस्पष्ट)=clear 4. Ample(पर्याप्त)=meagre 5. Broad(चौड़ा) =narrow 6. Dwarf (बौना)=giant 7. Flexible(लचकदार)=rigid 8. Arrival(आगमन) =departure 9. Concord (सहमति)=discord 10. Advance(आगे बढ़ना)=retreat 🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂@UPboardenglishstudy🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃

🌺 Synonyms 🌺 1. Barbarous( असभ्य)=uncivilized, Savage,wild 2. Earnest(उत्सुक, गम्भीर)=serious,eager 3 . Nefarious (अतिदुष्ट,अधमर्मी)=wicked, shameful, unlawful 4. Timid (कायर , डरपोक)=coward,shy 5. Raze(बर्बाद करना)=demolish, destroy,break 6. Freedom (आजादी, स्वतंत्रता)=independence, liberty 7. Delight (आनन्द)=enjoy , pleasure 8. Incite (उकसाना)=stir,rouse, instigate 9. Admit ( स्वीकार करना)=confess, acknowledge 10. Ideal (आदर्श)=model , perfect 11. Spontaneous(स्वाभाविक)=natural, voluntary, automatic 12. Humble(विनम्र)=kind, merciful, sympathetic 13. Confess(स्वीकार करना)=acknowledge, admit, accept 14. Enormous (भारी)=huge, tremendous, excessive 15. Splendid(शानदार)=glorious, magnificent,grand 🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀@UPboardenglishstudy🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀

✍ Homophones🧗‍♂ 1. Root(जड़)=The tree has long roots. Route(रास्ता)=The route of my school is short. 2. Flour (आटा)=Wheat flour is used in every house. Floor(फर्श)=The floor of my house is very clean. 3.lose(खोना)= We should not lose this Chance. Loose (ढीला)=In summer one should wear loose clothes. 4. Human (मानव)=We should be kind to all human beings. Humane(दयालु)=He is humane towards his servants. 5. Idol(मूर्ति)=He bent before the idol of Lord Shiva. Idle(आलसी)=He is an idle man. 🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀@UPboardenglishstudy🥀🥀 🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀

🔥One word substitution🔥 1. Atheist=a person who believes that there is no God. 2. Theist=a person who believes that there is God. 3. Autobiography=the life history of a man written by himself. 4. Alien=a person residing in a country of which he in not a citizen. 5. Biography=the life history of a man written by someone else. 1⃣ one word substitution 🕰️📢 💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯 1. A remedy for all kinds of diseases. 👉 Panacea (रामबाण औषधि) 2. One who goes on foot. 👉 pedestrian (पैदल यात्री) 3. That can be seen through. 👉 transparent (पारदर्शक) 4. That can't be seen through. 👉 Opaque (अपारदर्शक) 5. That can be believed. 👉 Credible (विश्वसनीय) 🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀🥀@UPboardenglishstudy

🌺Syntax 🌺 1. One should keep his word.❌ One should keep one's word. ✅ Note --- One के साथ अपने की अंग्रेजी one's होती है। 🔑🔑🔑🔑🔑🔑🔑🔑🔑🔑🔑🔑 2. Each of us have finished our work.❌ Each of us has finished our work.✅ Note --- each, every, either, neither के बाद प्राय‌‌‌: singular verb का प्रयोग होता है 🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷 🌷@UPboardenglishstudy🌷 🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷

🧗‍♂Syntax🧗‍♂syntax 🍎syntax💯 1. The Gold is a precious metal.❌ Gold is a precious metal.✅ Note -- metal से पहले the का प्रयोग नहीं होता है। ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 2. This wood is superior than that.❌ This wood is superior to that.✅ Note --- superior, junior, senior, prior, inferior आदि के बाद to का प्रयोग होता है। न कि than ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 3. Walk carefully lest you do not fall.❌ Walk carefully lest you should fall.✅ Note --- lest (कहीं ऐसा न हो कि)के बाद कोई भी करता हो उसके बाद should का प्रयोग होता है। ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 4. Kind man Will pity poor.❌ The kind man Will pity the poor.✅ Note --- kind, poor,rich,needy आदि का प्रयोग, यदि दयालु , गरीब,धनी तथा आवश्यक लोगों के अर्थ में हो तो इन शब्दों के पहले the का प्रयोग होता है ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ 5. I prefer coffee than tea.❌ I prefer coffee to tea.✅ Note --- prefer,refer, preferable के बाद to का प्रयोग होता है न कि than ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ @UPboardenglishstudy 🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎

🔥One word substitution🔥 1. Carnivorous= animals which live on flesh of other animals. 2. Herbivorous=animals which live on herbs. 3. Omnivorous=animals which eat everything. 4. Vegetarian=a person who lives on vegetables. 5. Non - vegetarian=a person who eats meat. 6. Optimist=a person who looks at the Bright side of things. 7. Pessimist=a person who looks to the dark side of things. 8. Panacea=a remedy of all kinds of diseases. 9. Island=a piece of land surrounded by water. 10. Catalogue=a list of books. 📖📖📖📖📖📖📖📖📖📖📖📖 @UPboardenglishstudy 🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃

🎯One word substitution🎯 👁️👁️👁️👁️👁️👁️👁️👁️👁️👁️👁️ ▪️That can be seen through. ➖Transparent(पारदर्शक ) ▪️ That cannot be seen through. ➖Opaque (अपारदर्शी)

🍁Antonyms 🍁 Words. Antonyms ▪️bottom(पेंदा) =top 🔹 arrival (आगमन) =departure ▪️ adversity (विपत्ती) =prosperity 🔹 ancient (प्राचीन) =modern ▪️arrest(गिरफ्तार करना)=release 🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃 @UPboardenglishstudy

🔥Synonyms 🔥 🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹 Word 🛑Conquer(जीतना) 🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷 Trick👉WOT(वोट) Analysis 🔻 W=win O=overcome T=triumph 🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂🍃🍂 @UPboardenglishstudy 🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥