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Murdock mentions two types of kinship terms to explain kinship behavior and analyze kinship interrelations – ‘terms of address’ and ‘terms of reference’. Term of address refers to the culturally patterned relationships among individuals. Terms of reference on the other hand indicate the linguistic symbols involved in the relationships
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Six communities are declared as minority communities namely Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains and Zoroastrians as per clause (c) of section 2 of the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992.
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The people of the hill also participated in the freedom struggle. The highlights of the freedom movement in this tract are listed below:
Praja Mandal launched agitations against the British yoke in areas under direct British Rule.
In other princely states agitations were launched for social and political reforms. However these were directed more against the princes than against the British and as such were mere extensions of freedom movement.
The Mandi conspiracy was carried out in 1914-15 under the influence of the Gadhr party. Meetings were held in Mandi and Suket states in December 1914 and January 1915 and it was decided to murder the Superintendent and Wazir of Mandi and Suket, to loot the treasury, blow to up the bridge over Beas river. However conspirators were caught and sentenced to long terms in prison.
The Pajhota agitation in which the people of a part of Sirmour state revolted is regarded as an extension of the Quit India Movement of 1942.
Important freedom fighters of this state during this period included Dr. Y.S. Parmar, Padam Dev, Shivanand Ramaul, Purnanand, Satya Dev, Sada Ram Chandel, Daulat Ram, Thakur Hazara Singh and Pahari Gandhi Baba Kanshi Ram.
The Congress party was also active in the freedom movement in the hill state particularly in Kangra.
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Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman empires that had endured for centuries eventually disintegrated after four years of bloodshed, and more than 16 million killed soldiers and citizens, and a number of new states arose.
Alsace-Lorraine went to France, and Eupen-Malmédy went to Belgium. Silesia and Northern Schleswig were given to Poland and Denmark, respectively, as a result of plebiscites.
Poland was reconstituted in the East(created from lands lost from Austria, Russia, and Germany); Ukraine, the Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia were established.
Trieste was acquired by Italy.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire, this vast zone to the southern part of Europe, split into separate entities based on nationality: Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were created; Galicia went to Poland; Transylvania went to Romania.
Sykes-Picot Agreement – After World War I, Britain and France secretly agreed to build “spheres of influence” that would eventually give rise to modern Western Asia. The major goals of the agreement were to divide the Ottoman Empire’s territories between England and France and to protect each country’s colonial interests.
One of the 14 points Woodrow Wilson was self-government for the non-Turkish people of the Ottoman empire and the permanent opening of Dardanelles.
Treaty of Versailles-
Alsace-Lorraine was transferred to France, costing Germany territory in Europe.
The nations of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania became independent. Poland, Lithuania, Belgium, Denmark, and other countries received portions of German territory.
Despite Austria’s sizable German population, union with Germany was forbidden.
With the signing of the Treaties of St. Germain (1919) and Trianon (1920) with Austria and Hungary, respectively, Austria and Hungary were reduced in size in contrast to the size of the Habsburg empire.
Treaty of Sevres (1920)
With Turkey, it was signed.
Significant land was lost to Greece, including Eastern Thrace and Smyrna.
The colonies of the Ottoman Empire were changed into mandates and given to Britain and France. France got Syria, while British mandates included Palestine, Iraq, and Transjordan.
