[𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐩𝟏 𝐌𝐞𝐝​] 🫀🥼🩺

الإجابة الصحيحة: B 39. In the phases of spermatogenesis, what is the primary function of the first phase (spermatocytogenesis)? A) Spermatogonia type A undergo a limited number of mitotic divisions to form type B, which give primary spermatocytes containing 46 chromosomes B) Transformation of spermatids into mature sperm C) Formation of the acrosomal cap from the Golgi apparatus D) Capacitation of sperm in the vagina الإجابة الصحيحة: A 40. What occurs during the second phase of spermatogenesis (meiosis)? A) Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to produce secondary spermatocytes containing haploid chromosome numbers (22X or 22Y) B) Spermatogonia multiply via mitosis C) Centrioles form the basal body and tail D) Complete absence of sperm occurs الإجابة الصحيحة: A 41. What is the third phase of spermatogenesis (spermiogenesis or spermioliosis) characterized by? A) Division of chromosomes into diploid sets B) Morphological transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa (e.g., formation of head, acrosome, and tail) C) Crossing over of genetic material D) Fusion of oocyte and sperm membranes الإجابة الصحيحة: B 42. In the final structure of a mature sperm, what forms the head? A) The nucleus and acrosomal cap B) The mitochondrial helical sheath C) The axial fibrils and cell membrane D) The anterior and posterior centrioles الإجابة الصحيحة: A 43. What is the length and structure of the middle part (body) of a mature sperm? A) Cylindrical, contains cytoplasm, centrioles, axial fibrils, and a mitochondrial helical sheath B) Very narrow, extending to the anterior centriole C) 50 micrometers long with a flagellum end D) Composed only of nuclear material الإجابة الصحيحة: A 44. What are the results of spermatogenesis regarding sex chromosomes? A) Formation of diploid cells with 46 chromosomes (46,XX or 46,YY) B) Formation of a haploid number of chromosomes (22X or 22Y) and determination of sex (X or Y chromosome) C) Production of non-motile cells only D) Equal distribution of 44 chromosomes الإجابة الصحيحة: B 45. How much seminal fluid (semen) is typically produced per ejaculation? A) About 2-4 c.c. B) Exactly 10-12 c.c. C) 0.5 c.c. D) 100 c.c. الإجابة الصحيحة: A 46. What is the approximate concentration of sperms in seminal fluid? A) 10 to 20 million per ejaculation B) 200-300 million sperms per ejaculation (or 60 million per c.c.) C) Exactly 2 million per c.c. D) 1 billion per c.c. الإجابة الصحيحة: B 47. Where do sperms become motile if they are non-motile in the male genital tract? A) In the seminiferous tubules B) In the yolk sac C) In the vagina D) In the seminal vesicles instantly الإجابة الصحيحة: C 48. How long do sperms remain viable after ejaculation in the female genital tract? A) About two hours B) About two days C) Exactly one week D) 30 minutes الإجابة الصحيحة: B 49. What is "Azospermia"? A) Number of sperms is below normal B) Complete absence of sperms C) Sperm has two heads D) Sperm has two tails الإجابة الصحيحة: B 50. What does "Oligospermia" mean as a congenital anomaly? A) Very small sperm (dwarf sperm) B) Too big sperm (giant sperm) C) Number of sperms is below normal D) Sperm has two heads الإجابة الصحيحة: C

D) Chromatid الإجابة الصحيحة: B 21. What is the diameter of a nucleosome structure? A) 2-nm B) 10-nm C) 300-nm D) 700-nm الإجابة الصحيحة: B 22. How many histone proteins are wrapped by two winds of the DNA double helix in a nucleosome? A) Two histones B) Four histones C) Six histones D) Eight histone proteins الإجابة الصحيحة: D 23. What is the diameter of a tight helical fiber? A) 2-nm B) 10-nm C) 30-nm D) 700-nm الإجابة الصحيحة: C 24. What is the diameter of a looped domain structure? A) 30-nm B) 300-nm C) 700-nm D) 2-nm الإجابة الصحيحة: B 25. What is the diameter of a Chromatid (most condensed state in a chromosome)? A) 10-nm B) 30-nm C) 300-nm D) 700-nm الإجابة الصحيحة: D 26. During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes condense, and nuclear material forms sister chromatids held at the centromere? A) Interphase B) Early prophase (first phase of mitosis) C) Metaphase D) Telophase الإجابة الصحيحة: B 27. In which mitotic phase do chromosomes align in the middle of the cell along the metaphase plate? A) Prophase B) Metaphase C) Anaphase D) Telophase الإجابة الصحيحة: B 28. What happens during Anaphase (the third phase of mitosis)? A) Nuclear envelope reassembles B) Chromosomes duplicate their DNA C) Centromeres split apart, and sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles D) Spindle fibers break down completely الإجابة الصحيحة: C 29. What occurs during Telophase and Cytokinesis? A) DNA duplication takes place B) Identical sets of chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelopes reassemble, and the cell divides C) Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate D) Primordial germ cells first appear الإجابة الصحيحة: B 30. Which cells undergo Meiotic Division? A) Somatic cells B) Primary oocytes and primary spermatocytes C) Blastocysts and morulas D) Neonates and infants الإجابة الصحيحة: B 31. What is a key feature of the 1st Meiotic Division (1st MD)? A) Pairing and crossing over B) No DNA duplication C) Division identical to mitosis without crossing over D) Formation of 8 spermatids directly from type A spermatogonia الإجابة الصحيحة: A 32. What characterizes the 2nd Meiotic Division (2nd MD)? A) Pairing and crossing over B) Similar to mitosis but without DNA duplication C) Reduction of chromosomes from 46 to 23 with crossing over D) Transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa الإجابة الصحيحة: B 33. What are the primary results of Meiotic Division? A) 2 diploid cells identical to the parent cell B) 4 haploid cells and genetic variation due to crossing over and independent assortment C) 8 identical spermatozoa with 46 chromosomes each D) Formation of a solid morula of 32 cells الإجابة الصحيحة: B 34. Where do primordial germ cells first appear during gametogenesis development? A) Inside the seminiferous tubules B) In the yolk sac wall C) Within the neural plate D) In the acrosomal cap الإجابة الصحيحة: B 35. What are the two main biological types of changes/purposes in Gametogenesis? A) Chromosomal reduction (46 to 23) and morphological shape changes (oocyte and spermatozoon) B) Cleavage and blastocyst formation C) Mitosis and cell elongation D) Infancy and childhood transitions الإجابة الصحيحة: A 36. What is the definition of Spermatogenesis? A) The continuous process of division and morphologic changes by which spermatogonia are transformed into spermatozoa B) The fertilization of an oocyte by a sperm C) The development of the neural tube from the neural plate D) The first mitotic division of a zygote الإجابة الصحيحة: A 37. At what stage of life does spermatogenesis typically begin? A) At birth B) At puberty C) During the third week of embryonic life D) During infancy الإجابة الصحيحة: B 38. Where is the main site of spermatogenesis? A) In the yolk sac B) In the seminiferous tubules of the testis C) In the female genital tract D) In the blastocyst cavity

1. What is an oocyte? A) The male germ cell B) The female germ or sex cell (ovrum, egg) C) A solid mass of blastomeres D) A fluid-filled cavity الإجابة الصحيحة: B 2. Which term describes the series of mitotic cell divisions of the zygote resulting in early embryonic cells? A) Cleavage B) Spermatogenesis C) Fertilization D) Neurulation الإجابة الصحيحة: A 3. What is the definition of a zygote? A) A three-layered embryonic disc B) The early embryo during the 3rd and 4th weeks C) The cell resulting from the union of an oocyte and a sperm during fertilization D) A very small sperm cell الإجابة الصحيحة: C 4. What is a morula? A) An infant aged 1 month or younger B) A solid mass of 12 to approximately 32 blastomeres formed by cleavage of a zygote C) The fetal period beginning on day 57 D) A fluid-filled cavity inside the embryo الإجابة الصحيحة: B 5. What develops inside the morula to convert it into a blastocyst? A) A fluid-filled cavity (the blastocyst cavity) B) The neural plate C) A trilaminar embryonic disc D) Primary spermatocytes الإجابة الصحيحة: A 6. When does the gastrula (three-layered or trilaminar embryonic disc) typically form? A) First week B) Second week C) Third week D) Eighth week الإجابة الصحيحة: C 7. How long does the embryonic period extend? A) To the end of the eighth week (56 days) B) Exactly 3 calendar months C) From birth to 13 months D) From day 57 until birth الإجابة الصحيحة: A 8. What is a "Neurula"? A) The early embryo during the 3rd and 4th weeks when the neural tube is developing from the neural plate B) A neonate aged 1 month or younger C) A germ cell found in the yolk sac D) A mature sperm with two heads الإجابة الصحيحة: A 9. When does the fetal period officially begin? A) Day 1 B) Day 14 C) Day 28 D) Day 57 الإجابة الصحيحة: D 10. What does the term "Primordium" mean? A) Last and final B) Primus, first + ordior, to begin C) Small and underdeveloped D) Fluid-filled cavity الإجابة الصحيحة: B 11. How is the "Fetus" defined? A) From fertilization to week 3 B) After the embryonic period (8 weeks) and until birth C) The first year after birth D) Between 13 months and puberty الإجابة الصحيحة: B 12. What is a trimester? A) A period of three calendar months during a pregnancy B) A period of six months C) The entire 56 days of embryonic development D) The period of puberty in boys الإجابة الصحيحة: A 13. What is an infant aged 1 month or younger called? A) Fetus B) Toddler C) Newborn or neonate D) Child الإجابة الصحيحة: C 14. Infancy refers to the earliest period of extrauterine life, roughly corresponding to what time frame? A) The first year after birth B) From 13 months until puberty C) Between ages 12 and 15 years D) The third week of development الإجابة الصحيحة: A 15. Childhood is defined as the period from approximately: A) Birth to 1 month B) 13 months until puberty C) 11 to 19 years of age D) 18 to 21 years الإجابة الصحيحة: B 16. Puberty usually occurs between the ages of: A) 12 and 15 years in girls and 13 and 16 years in boys B) 11 and 19 years for both C) 18 and 21 years D) Birth and 1 year الإجابة الصحيحة: A 17. Adolescence is generally defined as the period from approximately: A) Birth to 1 year B) 12 to 15 years C) 11 to 19 years of age D) 57 days to birth الإجابة الصحيحة: C 18. What does "Adulthood" mean etymologically and structurally? A) First-stage germ cell B) Attainment of full growth and maturity (from Latin adultus, grown up), usually reached between 18 and 21 years C) The period of neonatal life D) The stage of meiosis الإجابة الصحيحة: B 19. What is the diameter of a DNA double helix? A) 2-nm B) 10-nm C) 30-nm D) 700-nm الإجابة الصحيحة: A 20. What structure is described as chromatin ("beads on a string") with nucleosomes? A) DNA double helix B) Level 2 chromatin structure C) Tight helical fiber

وهاذي المقدمه بشكل مبسط والباقي بعدين ان شاء الله نكملهم

118. Which hormone regulates renal acid-base? A) Aldosterone B) Insulin C) Cortisol D) Thyroxine

115. Arterial blood is usually: A) Slightly acidic B) Slightly basic C) Strongly acidic D) Strongly basic Answer: B

PCT (Procalcitonin): البروكالسيتونين (مؤشر مخبري للعدوى البكتيرية الشديدة). EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid): إي دي تي إيه (مادة مانعة لتجلط الدم في الأنابيب المخبرية). ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate): سرعة ترسيب الدم (مؤشر للالتهابات). ECG / EKG (Electrocardiogram): تخطيط القلب الكهربائي. SSD (Silver Sulfadiazine): سلفاديازين الفضة (كريم موضعي لعلاج الحروق). CBC (Complete Blood Count): تحليل الدم الشامل. PCV (Packed Cell Volume): حجم الخلايا المتراصة / الهيماتوكريت (نسبة كريات الدم الحمراء). CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid): السائل النخاعي المحيط بالدماغ والحبل الشوكي. COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease): مرض الانسداد الرئوي المزمن. ICH (Intracerebral Hemorrhage): النزيف داخل المخ. أمراض وحالات شائعة ومهمة Myocardial Infarction (MI): احتشاء عضلة القلب (النوبة القلبية). Hypertension (HTN): ارتفاع ضغط الدم. Diabetes Mellitus (DM): مرض السكري. Asthma: الربو (مرض تنفسي مزمن). Pneumonia: الالتهاب الرئوي. Appendicitis: التهاب الزائدة الدودية. Gastroenteritis: التهاب المعدة والأمعاء (النزلة المعوية). Stroke / CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident): السكتة الدماغية. Cirrhosis: تليف الكبد. Osteoporosis: هشاشة العظام. Meningitis: التهاب السحايا (الأغشية المحيطة بالدماغ والحبل الشوكي). Anemia: فقر الدم (الأنيميا). Gastritis: التهاب المعدة. Nephritis: التهاب الكلى. Tuberculosis (TB): مرض السل الرئوي. مصطلحات ومفاهيم أساسية في علم الأمراض (Pathology) والتشخيص Pathology: علم الأمراض. Etiology: مسبب المرض أو أصله. Pathogenesis: آلية تطور المرض. Symptoms: الأعراض (ما يشتكي منه المريض). Signs: العلامات (ما يلاحظه الطبيب بالفحص السريري). Diagnosis: التشخيص. Prognosis: المآل (التوقع المستقبلي لسير المرض). Syndrome: متلازمة (مجموعة أعراض تحدث معاً). Acute: حاد (سريع الظهور وقصير المدة). Chronic: مزمن (مستمر لفترة طويلة). Benign: حميد (غير سرطاني). Malignant: خبيث (سرطاني). Metastasis: انبثاث (انتشار السرطان لأعضاء أخرى). Edema: الوذمة (تجمع السوائل في الأنسجة). Necrosis: نخر (موت الخلايا والأنسجة). Ischemia: نقص التروية (نقص تدفق الدم المؤقت). Infarction: نخر أو موت النسيج بسبب انقطاع الدم. Hypertrophy: تضخم (زيادة حجم الخلايا). Atrophy: ضمور (صغر حجم الخلايا أو الأنسجة). Hyperplasia: فرط التنسج (زيادة عدد الخلايا). Metaplasia: الحؤول (تغير نوع الخلايا إلى نوع آخر كاستجابة لإجهاد معين). GP. general practitioner طبيب العائلة blister. حرق سطحي Three degree Burns. حرق من الدرجة الثالثه stroke. جلطه دماغية defibrillator. جهاز الصدمة للقلب CPR coma. غيبوية cardiac arrest. توقف القلب

اللهم في ليلة الجمعة أصلح قلوبنا، ويسّر أمورنا، وبارك لنا في أعمارنا وأرزاقنا وأهلينا، واكتب لنا من خير الدنيا والآخرة أوفر الحظ والنصيب، واصرف عنا كل سوء وبلاء. 🥀🥀



حين تُسلّم أمرك للخالق، تتلاشى أوهامُ الخوف ويبدأ الأمان. فهو السندُ الذي لا يميل، والنورُ الذي ينير لك عتمة الطريق. يرعاك بعطفه في خفايا الأقدار، ويُدبّر لك الأجمل دون أن تشعر. يكفيك هموم الدنيا إذا صدقت نيتك واستقامت خطاك على الحق. فطوبى لقلبٍ أدرك معنى «وَهُوَ يَتَوَلَّى الصَّالِحِينَ» فاستراح واطمأن. جمعه مباركه مقدماً

فخم ✨✨

أي والله فن

﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَمَلَائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ۚ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيمًا﴾

وهذا شرح الأجزاء بالتفصيل صفحة 14 ملزمة الدكتور وليد ✨