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🟫Genetic male (XY, SRY+) → Testes develop → Leydig cells make testosterone, Sertoli cells make MIH → MIH regresses Müllerian duct → Testosterone maintains Wolffian duct → DHT (5α‑reductase) makes penis/scrotum → At puberty, GnRH pulse generator → LH and FSH rise → Testosterone increases → Spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics, male behavior. 🟩If no SRY (XX) → Ovaries develop → no MIH → Müllerian duct becomes uterus, tubes → no testosterone → external female genitalia → At puberty, FSH/LH → estradiol → breast, fat distribution, menstrual cycles. 🟪If 5α‑reductase deficient → XY but no DHT → external female at birth, but testes present → MIH works (no uterus) → at puberty, high testosterone → partial masculinization → Guevedoces. ⬛️If androgen receptor absent → XY but completely female external, no uterus (MIH worked), testes in abdomen → complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.

2	🟧🟨🟩🟦🟪⬛️🟫🔹🟥 🟥Glucose homeostasis (short‑term) 🔶After a meal: 1⃣↑ Glucose → ↑ Insulin (beta cells) → ↑ GLUT‑4 translocation → glucose enters muscle/fat → ↓ blood glucose → also ↑ glycogen, ↑ protein, ↑ fat storage. 2⃣Also ↑ somatostatin (delta cells) → moderates insulin & glucagon. 3⃣Also ↑ GLP‑1/GIP from gut → “anticipatory” insulin. 🔷During fasting/exercise: 1⃣↓ Glucose → ↑ Glucagon (alpha cells) → liver glycogenolysis + gluconeogenesis → ↑ blood glucose. 2⃣Also ↓ Insulin. 3⃣Also epinephrine (if severe) and later GH/cortisol. 🔷Long‑term energy balance (leptin) 1⃣↑ Fat mass → ↑ Leptin → acts on hypothalamus → ↓ NPY/AGRP, ↑ CRH, ↑ SNS → ↓ food intake, ↑ energy expenditure → ↓ fat mass → ↓ Leptin → cycle restarts. 🔷In obesity: Leptin resistance breaks the cycle. 🔷Circadian timing (melatonin) 1⃣Light → SCN → ↓ Melatonin → wakefulness. 2⃣Dark → SCN → ↑ Melatonin → sleepiness + (prepubertal) inhibition of gonadal development.	46
3	የቴሌግራም አካውንታችሁን Log Out ከማድረጋችሁ በፊት ተጠንቀቁ❗ ብዙ ተጠቃሚዎች አካውንታቸውን Log Out አድርገው በድጋሚ ለመግባት ሲሞክሩ "Code አንልክም፤ በኢሜይል እንዲላክ Premium ግዙ" የሚል መልዕክት እየመጣባቸው ተቸግረዋል ችግሩ ምንድነው? ቴሌግራም የደህንነት መጠበቂያ ኢሜይል (Recovery Email) ያላስገቡ ተጠቃሚዎች አካውንታቸውን በሌላ ስልክ ወይም ከወጡ በኋላ ለመግባት ሲሞክሩ የኤስኤምኤስ (SMS) ኮድ ከመላክ ይልቅ በኢሜይል እንዲላክ ያስገድዳል ኢሜይል ከሌለህ ደግሞ በክፍያ (Premium) እንድትገባ ሊጠይቅህ ይችላል መፍትሄው፦ 1. አካውንታችሁ ሳይዘጋ፦ አሁኑኑ Settings=>Privacy and Security => Two-Step Verification ውስጥ በመግባት ትክክለኛ የኢሜይል አድራሻችሁን አስገቡ 2. አካውንቱ ለተዘጋበት ሰው፦ በሌላ ስልክ ወይም ኮምፒውተር ላይ አካውንቱ ክፍት ካልሆነ፣ የቴሌግራም Support መጠየቅ ወይም ጥቂት ቀናትን ጠብቆ በድጋሚ መሞከር ሊያስፈልግ ይችላል ማሳሰቢያ፦ አካውንታችሁ በሌላ ስልክ ላይ ክፍት ካልሆነ በስተቀር Log Out አታድርጉ! ድንገት ቴሌግራም ላይ "Log out" ብታደርጉ ያለምንም code እንደገና ለመግባት passkey feature ን ይጠቀሙ ! ይህን setting on ለማድረግ Telegram setting ላይ በመግባት -> privacy and security -> passkeys -> create passkeys የሚለውን በመጫን passkey ይፈጠሩ ! ይህ ለምን ይጠቅማል ? ድንገት ከ telegram log out ብትሉ በቀላሉ በ አሻራ / pattern/screen lock ወይ face በቀላሉ እንድንገባ ያደርጋል !	56
4	የቴሌግራም አካውንታችሁን Log Out ከማድረጋችሁ በፊት ተጠንቀቁ❗ ብዙ ተጠቃሚዎች አካውንታቸውን Log Out አድርገው በድጋሚ ለመግባት ሲሞክሩ "Code አንልክም፤ በኢሜይል እንዲላክ Premium ግዙ" የሚል መልዕክት እየመጣባቸው ተቸግረዋል ችግሩ ምንድነው? ቴሌግራም የደህንነት መጠበቂያ ኢሜይል (Recovery Email) ያላስገቡ ተጠቃሚዎች አካውንታቸውን በሌላ ስልክ ወይም ከወጡ በኋላ ለመግባት ሲሞክሩ የኤስኤምኤስ (SMS) ኮድ ከመላክ ይልቅ በኢሜይል እንዲላክ ያስገድዳል ኢሜይል ከሌለህ ደግሞ በክፍያ (Premium) እንድትገባ ሊጠይቅህ ይችላል መፍትሄው፦ 1. አካውንታችሁ ሳይዘጋ፦ አሁኑኑ Settings=>Privacy and Security => Two-Step Verification ውስጥ በመግባት ትክክለኛ የኢሜይል አድራሻችሁን አስገቡ 2. አካውንቱ ለተዘጋበት ሰው፦ በሌላ ስልክ ወይም ኮምፒውተር ላይ አካውንቱ ክፍት ካልሆነ፣ የቴሌግራም Support መጠየቅ ወይም ጥቂት ቀናትን ጠብቆ በድጋሚ መሞከር ሊያስፈልግ ይችላል ማሳሰቢያ፦ አካውንታችሁ በሌላ ስልክ ላይ ክፍት ካልሆነ በስተቀር Log Out አታድርጉ! ድንገት ቴሌግራም ላይ "Log out" ብታደርጉ ያለምንም code እንደገና ለመግባት passkey feature ን ይጠቀሙ ! ይህን setting on ለማድረግ Telegram setting ላይ በመግባት -> privacy and security -> passkeys -> create passkeys የሚለውን በመጫን passkey ይፈጠሩ ! ይህ ለምን ይጠቅማል ? ድንገት ከ telegram log out ብትሉ በቀላሉ በ አሻራ / pattern/screen lock ወይ face በቀላሉ እንድንገባ ያደርጋል !	1
5	The sperm cell undergoes a normal meiosis while the ovum happen to have a non disjunction. Fertilization occured and the sperm contributed a masculinity determining chromosome while the ovum ended up taking part with the cell with no sex chromosome.	68
6	which one of the following genotypes or syndromesis correctly matched?	67
7	#physio	66
8	worthy of your suffering?? This phrase stucked in my head. Of course "suffering" is relative because for sure what I entitled as suffering could be someone else's comfort. But regardless of how we define it the question is .....are we worthy of our sufferings? since my audience are medical students for most , I will highlight that medical journey part. I personally get stressed, hate going out, couldn't eat and rest my mind whenever finals approach (or any exam with you know.. bulky content) and that's what I call my suffering. For me with all this continuous stress i believe that I deserve a better future, a good job and a meaningful life, But another question comes here, Am I channeling the suffering toward my dreams or am I just suffering for something that won't be worth it in the future. If your meaning for being "worthy" is being a great doctor, are your current sufferings leading you to that or just to a below average doctor that you defined as not being worthy? In my opinion if I am not worthy of my sufferings then no need to suffer at all, and for that I might perhaps learn how to be chill while seeing my life directing to something i didn't wish for. But at least I am not suffering and getting a 0 , a better end than suffering and not being worthy to suffer from the start. suffering is a part of a path like success is , but those who were put to edure it shall prove that they were among the strongest ones that could make it worthy and justify the cost . ........✒️	265
9	没有文字...	246
10	among the following hormones released from the GI tract which one is the most potent stimulator of insulin ?	131
11	Group 1 Subgroup A Subgroup B Subgroup C Subgroup D Subgroup E Subgroup F Group 2 Subgroup A Subgroup B Subgroup C Subgroup D Subgroup E Subgroup F Group 3 Subgroup A Subgroup B Subgroup C Subgroup D Subgroup E Subgroup F Group 4 Subgroup A Subgroup B Subgroup C Subgroup D Subgroup E Subgroup F Group 5 Subgroup A Subgroup B Subgroup C Subgroup D Subgroup E Subgroup F	112
12	Iodide transport to the thyroid cell is a/an ............. transporting process	99
13	answer	125
14	没有文字...	124
15	Histology	184
16	it's urgent 🥲	196
17	So Let's say you were studying reproductive anatomy and one of your family members passed by and saw longus's slides (I hope you got which slides i am talking about) how will u explain what you were doing?	188
18	没有文字...	183
19	🎲 Quiz 'anatomy 1' 🖊 37 questions · ⏱ 45 sec	86
20	Anatomy 1	131

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