basic nursing knowledge

IOC TO REMEMBER ENDOCRINOLOGY Diabetes Incipidus: Water deprivation test SIADH: Water loading test Conn syndrome: Saline infusion test Addison syndrome : ACTH stimulation test/ Cosyntropin test Pheochromocytoma: Plasma free metanephrine levels Carcinoid syndrome : Urine for 5HIAA Acromegaly: Glucose challange test Prolactinoma: S. prolactin level + MRI head Cushing syndrome : Low dose dexamethasone suprresion test Parathyroid adenoma scaning : Sestamibi scan

BRANCHES OF SCIENCE 1) Study of Heavenly bodies is called? ➡️ Astronomy 2) Study of bacteria and the diseases caused by them is called? ➡️ Bacteriology 3) The science dealing with the origin and development of mankind is called? ➡️ Anthropology 4) Study of cells is called? ➡️ Cytology 5) The science dealing with the functions and the diseases of heart is called? ➡️ Cardiology 6) Study of skin is called? ➡️ Dermatology 7) Study of Blood Vascular System is called? ➡️ Angiology 8) Study of Fungi and fungus diseases is called ➡️ Mycology 9) Study of Tumours is called? ➡️ Oncology 10) Study of Liver and its diseases is called? ➡️ Hepatology 11) Study of Secret writing is called? ➡️ Cryptography 12) Study of the Nervous system, its functions and its disorders is called? ➡️ Neurology 13)Branch of Biology dealing with the phenomena of Heredity is called? ➡️ Genetics 14) Study of causes of Diseases is called? ➡️ Etiology 15) Study of Ears and their diseases is called? ➡️ Otology 16) Study of Condition and Structure of Earth is called? ➡️ Geology 17) Study of Kidneys and its function is called? ➡️ Nephrology 18) Study of Coins and Medals is called? ➡️ Numismatics 19) Study of Birds is called? ➡️ Ornithology 20) Study of Fossils is called? ➡️ Palaeontology 21) Study of Bones is called? ➡️ Osteology 22) Study of Soils is called? ➡️ Pedology 23)Branch of science dealing with Urinary system is called? ➡️ Urology 24) Study of Viruses is called? ➡️ Virology 25) Study of resistance of body against infection (immunity) is called? ➡️ Immunology 26) Study of Muscles is called? ➡️ Myology 27) Study of development of Embryos is called? ➡️ Embryology 28) Study of Insects is called? ➡️ Entomology 29) Study of Female Reproductive System is called? ➡️ Gynaecology 30) Study of production of Three Dimensional Image using Laser is called? ➡️ Holography 31) Study of Snakes is called? ➡️ Serpentology 32) Study of Earthquakes is called? ➡️ Seismology 33)Production of Raw Silk by rearing of Silk Worms is called? ➡️ Sericulture 34) Study of Algae is called? ➡️ Phycology 35) Study of Fossils is called? ➡️ Palaeontology 36) Study of diseases, symptoms, cause and remedy is called? ➡️ Pathology 37) Study of Serum is called? ➡️ Serology 38)The Breeding, Rearing, and Transplantation of Fish is called? ➡️ Pisciculture 39) Study of Eyes and its diseases is called? ➡️ Opthamology 40) Study of Dreams is called? ➡️ Oneirology

1. Pituitary gland: Located at the base of the brain, the pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands. It produces hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism. 2. Thyroid gland: Located in the neck, the thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism and growth. 3. Adrenal glands: Located on top of each kidney, the adrenal glands produce hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline, which help the body respond to stress and regulate metabolism. 4. Pancreas: Located behind the stomach, the pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels. 5. Ovaries (in females): Located in the pelvis, the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and support pregnancy. 6. Testes (in males): Located in the scrotum, the testes produce testosterone, which regulates sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics in males. 7. Pineal gland: Located in the brain, the pineal gland produces melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles. 8. Parathyroid glands: Located near the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels in the body. 9. Thymus gland: Located in the chest, the thymus gland produces hormones that help develop and maintain the immune system.

🌟Important Points 🌟: 1. Weight of Liver : 1.2 to 1.5 kg 2. Weight of Kidney : 120 to 170 gm 3. Number of lobes in Liver : 2 4. Number of salivary glands : 3 pair 5. Number of portions in stomach : 4 (Cardiac, fundic, body & Pyloric). 6. Stomach stores food for : 4 to 5 hours. 7. pH of saliva : 6.8 8. pH of gastric juice : 1.8 9. pH in duodenum : 7.8 10. pH of urine : 6.0 11. Breathing rate : 12-16 times/minute 12. Tidal volume : 500 mL 13. IRV : 2500 - 3000 mL 14. ERV : 1000 - 1100 mL 15. RV : 1100 - 1200 mL 16. Water in plasma : 90-92% 17. Water in watermelon : 92%. 18. Water in herbaceous plants : 85-90%. 19. Water in human cell : 70-90%. 20. Colon is divided in : 4 parts (Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid parts). (NCERT Correction-2019-20) 21. Solubility of CO2 is 20-25 times higher than that of O2 . 22. Diffusion membrane is made up of 3 layers. 23. Total thickness of diffusion membrane : < 1 mm

#_DIABETES MELLITUS ⭕️DEFINITION:- - It is the condition in which carbohydrates metabolism disturbed due to insufficient secretion of insulin hormones. - It is characterized by triad features, e.g., polyuria, polyphagia, polydypsia. ■ Glucose level in blood increases. This is known as hyperglycemia. ■ Normal blood sugar level: Fasting:70-110mg/dl postprandial (PP): 80-150 mg/dl. ■Insulin: It is a hormone produced by pancreas. It maintains the level of blood glucose by regulating the production and storage of glucose. As well as carbohydrates, fat and protein metabolism also affected in this case. ⭕️TYPES:- 1. IDDM (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus): - In this condition, patient is unable to produce endogenous insulin due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells by genetic immunologic and enviromental factors. - About 5-10% cases have diabetes type I of total DM. - It has sudden onset, usually before the age of 30 years (mostly in young age). Insulin therapy is necessary. 2. NIDDM (Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus): - It results from a decreased sensitivity to insulin (insulin resistance) or from a decreased amount of insulin production. - About 90-95% of patient have type-II DM. - Type-II diabetes is first treated with diet and exercise and then with oral hypoglycemic agents are needed. - It occurs mostly after 40 years of age. - About 80% cases due to obesity. - There is no need of exogenous insulin. 3. Gestational DM: Gestational diabetes is characterized by any degree of glucose intolerances with onset during pregnancy (second or third trimester). ⭕️ETIOLOGY/RISK FACTORS:- ●Heredity ●Obesity ●Old age (pancreatic function become slow) Other systemic disease. Like: Heart disease, MI, stroke Renal disease. Virus (Coxasackie B, Strepto). ⭕️CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:- ■ In early stage (No symptoms) ● 3P's Symptoms: - Polyuria - Polyphagia - Polydypsia. ■Later symptoms are: ●Slow healing of cuts ●Blurred vision ●Fatigue ●Cramps in legs, feet and fingers ●Itching (pruritis) ●Drowsiness ●Weight loss ●Skin infections ●Skin becomes dry and rough ●Tingling and numbness in hands or feet ●Nocturia ●Vaginal infection ●Paresthesia ●Hypotension ⭕️ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:- Insulin requirement is not sufficient for total body ↓ Obstruction or disturbances in carbohydrates metabolism ↓ Increase blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) ↓ Decrease Glycogen level and decreases energy, patient feels fatigue ↓ Weight loss due to improper carbohydrates metabolism and also increases appetite. ⭕️DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:- ■Blood glucose level test: ●Fasting plasma glucose-126 mg/dl or more ●Random or PP-180 mg/dl or more. ●Detection of complication By signs and symptoms ●History collection. ⭕️COMPLICATIONS:- Kidney disease Albuminuria Oedema in legs High B.P. Uraemia. Neuropathy Pain in legs Sexual impotency Retrograde ejaculation Sweating Muscles damage. Arteriosclerosis Infection Pneumonia Pyelitis (Inflammation of pelvis of the Kidney). ⭕️PREVENTION AND CONTROL:- ■Prevention is depends upon three factors: Dietary Management Exercises Insulin Therapy Specimen outline diet-8400 KJ (2100). ⭕️MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:- ●Insulin injection should be given according to blood sugar level. It should given before meal (half an hours) in a day. ●hypoglycemic drugs e.g., Pioglitazone hydrochloride Metformin (Biguanides) Glipizide (Second generation sulfonylureas). ⭕️DIETARY MANAGEMENT:- ●Sufficient quantity of diet is very necessary which satisfy to appetite. ●About 1/2 energy should be get from carbohydrates, and 1/3 energy get from fat and 15-20% from protein Meal should be taken at regular time. if meal will be late, it may cause hypoglycemic attack. Total calories-2200/8800Kj should be taken. ⭕️NURSING MANAGEMENT:- ■Assessment Get baseline information, e.g., 3ps symptoms Polyurea Polydyspsia Polyphagia. Take family history of DM Assess knowledge level of patient's and family Perform physical assessment Assess anxiety level of patient.

Viral fever is a common condition caused by a viral infection, which affects the body's immune system and causes a rise in body temperature. Here are some common reasons why viral fever occurs: 1. *Viral Infection*: Viral fever is caused by a viral infection, which can be spread through: - Airborne transmission (inhalation of viral particles) - Close contact with an infected person - Contaminated food and water - Insect vectors (like mosquitoes) 2. *Weakened Immune System*: A weakened immune system makes you more susceptible to viral infections, which can lead to viral fever. 3. *Seasonal Changes*: Viral fever can occur during seasonal changes, especially during monsoon or winter seasons. 4. *Poor Hygiene*: Poor hygiene practices, such as not washing hands regularly, can increase the risk of viral infections. 5. *Viral Load*: Exposure to a high viral load can increase the risk of developing viral fever. 6. *Age and Health Status*: Viral fever can affect anyone, but it's more common in: - Children under 5 years - Older adults - People with chronic illnesses or compromised immune systems 7. *Other Factors*: Other factors that can contribute to viral fever include: - Stress - Lack of sleep - Poor nutrition - Environmental factors (like pollution) Some common viruses that can cause viral fever include: - Influenza (flu) - Common cold viruses (rhinovirus, coronavirus) - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) - Rotavirus - Dengue virus - Chikungunya virus Note that this is not an exhaustive list, and many other viruses can cause viral fever. If you're experiencing symptoms, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

💥 *Vitamins .. 😍🔥* *Vitamin A* Chemical Name: Retinol Deficiency disease: night blindness Source : Carrot, 🥛 Milk, 🥚 Egg, 🍓 Fruit. *Vitamin – B1* Chemical Name: Thiamine Deficiency disease: Beri-beri Source : Peanuts, Potatoes, Vegetables *Vitamin – B2* Chemical Name: Riboflabin Deficiency diseases: skin eruptions, eye disease Source : Egg, Milk, Green vegetables *Vitamin – B5* Chemical Name: Pantothenic Acid Deficiency diseases: burning in feet, white hair Source : Meat🍗,🥛 Milk, Tomato, Peanut *Vitamin- B3* Chemical Name: Nicotinamide (Niacin) Deficiency disease: Menstrual disorder (pellagra) Sources: meat🍖, peanuts, potatoes *Vitamin- B6* Chemical Name: Pyridoxine Deficiency diseases: anemia, skin diseases Source : milk, 🍗meat, vegetables *Vitamin – H / B7* Chemical Name: Biotin Deficiency diseases: hair fall, skin diseases Source : Yeast, Wheat, Egg *Vitamin – B12* Chemical Name: Cyanocobalamin Deficiency diseases: Anemia, Pandu disease Source : Meat, Jelly, Milk *Vitamin-C* Chemical Name: Ascorbic Acid Deficiency diseases: scurvy, gingivitis Source : Amla, Lemon, Orange, Orange *Vitamin – D* Chemical Name: Calciferol Deficiency disease: Rickets Sources: ☀ Sunlight, Milk, Eggs. *Vitamin – E* Chemical Name: Tocopherol Deficiency disease: low fertility Source: Green Vegetable,Butter,Milk🥛 *Vitamin-K* Chemical Name: Phyloquinone Deficiency disease: lack of blood clotting Source: Tomato, Green Vegetables, Milk

1 HPV dose = 2 dose 2 Hep B booster = 5 year 3 Which is correct regarding human reproductive system = Fertilisation take place in uterus tube 5 8 yr child ET tune size = 6-7 mm 6 ICD chest tube except question = Clamp the tube while shifting 7 Essential AA except = Cysteine 8 Which blood products infused immediately = Thrombocytes 9 Iron absorption = Duodenum 10 AC = Before meal 11 Amiodarone mix with = Dextrose 5% 12 Drug used in Asystole = ADR 13 Benefit of Enteric coated medicine = Do not damage via gastric juice (HCL) 14 Hyperkalemia treatment in cardiac patient = Calcium gluconate 15 Spo2 measures = Ear lobes 16 GCS for = measure consciousness 17 Baby hold bottle = 4-6 month 18 Anterior frontanelle except = close in 1-2 month 19 Weight of baby at 5 month = double 20 NG tube measure = Nose to earlobe to xiphoid process 21 Code of cardiac arrest = Blue 22 Pain rating scale in child = FACES 23 1 ml atropine = 0.6 mg 24 Platelet from in = Bone marrow 25 During CPR initial current = Biphasic 120-200 J 26 35 yr smoking history has risk of = Chronic bronchitis 27 Diaphragm up during normal inspirations = 1-2 cm 28 Snellen chart = For distant vision 29 Meter dose inhaler question = Shake the vial, Inspired deeply & hold breath for 5 second 30 Folic acid giving to prevent NTD = Before conception 31 10 cuts in rode how many parts in iron rode = 11 32 Blood pH = 7.35-7.45 33 ECG P wave represent = Depolarisation atria 34 EMG function = to diagnose skeleton muscle function 35 Which test in not used in non-invasive cardiac function test = Thallium stress test 36 How much sodium in half DNS = 77 Meq/L 37 PRBC used within = 30 minute 38 Hand used in check temperature = Dorsum hand 39 Complication of peritoneal dialysis = Peritonitis 40 Sequence BLS = CAB 41 Drug used in HTN except = metformin 42 Iron used in Z track method = Venteogluteal 43 Non prescriptive contraceptive = Condom 44 Atropin work = Vagus nerve 45 BLS 1st priority = Patient safety 46 Oxygen administered mask question = Ventri mask 47 Pulse used to check after cardiac arrest in adult = Carotid 48 Cause of urosepsis in 75 yr old men = BPH 49 Hormone which produced by gland match correct = Leptin-Ovary 50 Diet giving in cardiac arrest patient = Low sodium & low cholesterol 51 Strongest natural fiber = Silk 52 Bed sore irrigation = Used Normal saline in each shift 53 After dressing give medicine question = remove gloves, wash hand then give medicine

💥🔥🌝SUMMARY OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY🌝🔥💥 1🍁: Number of Muscles 639 2🍁: Number of Kidneys 2 3🍁: Number of Milk Teeth 20 4🍁: Number of Ribs 24 (12 pair) 5🍁: Number of Heart Chamber 4 6🍁: Largest artery Aorta 7🍁: Normal blood pressure 120/80mmHg 8🍁: Ph of Blood 7.4 9🍁: Number of vertebrae in the Spine 33 10🍁: Number of vertebrae in the Neck 7 11🍁: Number of Bones in Middle Ear 6 12🍁: Number of Bones in Face 14 13🍁: Number of Bones in Skull 22 14🍁: Number of Bones in Chest 25 15🍁: Number of Bones in Arms 6 16🍁: Number of Muscles in Human Arm 72 17🍁: Number of Pumps in Heart 2 18🍁: Largest Organ Skin 19🍁: Largest gland Liver 20🍁: Biggest cell female Ovum 21🍁: Smallest cell male Sperm 22🍁: Smallest Bone Stape 23🍁: First transplanted Organ Heart 24🍁: Average length of Small Intestine 7m 25🍁: Average length of Large Intestine 1.5m 26🍁: Average weight of new Born baby 2.6kg 27🍁: Pulse rate in One Minute 72 times 28🍁: Normal body temperature 37 C° (98.4 F°) 29🍁: Average Blood Volume 4 to 5 liters 30🍁: Life Span of RBC 120 days 31🍁: Life Span of WBC 13to 20 days 32🍁: Pregnancy Period 280 days (40 week) 33🍁: Number of Bones in Human Foot 33 34🍁: Number of Bones in Each wrist 8 35🍁: Number of Bones in Hand 27 36🍁: Largest Endocrine gland Thyroid 37🍁: Largest Lymphatic Organ Spleen 38🍁: Largest part of Brain Cerebrum 39🍁: Largest & Strongest Bone Femur 40🍁: Smallest Muscle Stapedius (Middle Ear) 41🍁: Number of Chromosome 46 (23 pair) 42🍁: Number of Bones in new Born baby 306 43🍁: Viscosity of Blood 4.5 to 5.5 44🍁: Universal Donor Blood Group O 45🍁: Universal Recipient Blood Group AB 46🍁: Largest WBC Monocyte 47🍁: Smallest WBC Lymphocyte lb 48🍁: Increase RBC count called Polycethemia 49🍁: Blood Bank in the Body is Spleen 50🍁: Non Nucleated Blood cell is RBC 51🍁: RBC produced in the Bone Marrow 52🍁: River of Life is Called Blood 53🍁: Normal Blood Cholesterol level 250mg/dl 54🍁: Fluid part of Blood is Plasma 55🍁: Normal Blood Sugar 100mg

Common respiratory disorders along with their typical signs and symptoms: 1. Asthma: - Signs and Symptoms: Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing. 2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): - Signs and Symptoms: Shortness of breath, chronic cough, sputum production, wheezing. 3. Pneumonia: - Signs and Symptoms: Fever, cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fatigue. 4. Bronchitis: - Signs and Symptoms: Persistent cough, increased mucus production, chest discomfort. 5. Pulmonary Embolism: - Signs and Symptoms: Shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid heart rate, cough (may produce bloody or discolored sputum). 6. Interstitial Lung Disease: - Signs and Symptoms: Shortness of breath, persistent dry cough, fatigue. 7. Lung Cancer: - Signs and Symptoms: Persistent cough, chest pain, unexplained weight loss, shortness of breath. 8. Obstructive Sleep Apnea: - Signs and Symptoms: Loud snoring, episodes of breathing cessation during sleep, daytime sleepiness. 9. Cystic Fibrosis: - Signs and Symptoms: Chronic cough with thick mucus, recurrent respiratory infections, difficulty gaining weight. 10. Tuberculosis (TB): - Signs and Symptoms: Persistent cough, unintentional weight loss, night sweats, fatigue.

*Cholera* ⏭️Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae. ⏭️• I.P.- 1-2 days ⏭️First step in epidemic of cholera: Verification of diagnosis 📝 Stool appearance of cholera: “Rice watery stool” 📝Chemoprophylaxis of cholera: Tetracycline 500mg BID for 5 days. *🔖Drug of choice for cholera:* 💿Adults: Doxycycline 300 mg stat. *️⃣ Children: Azithromycin 20 mg/kg, single dose *️⃣Pregnant Female: Azithromycin 1 gm, single dose

• Euthermia ------ Normal Temperature 37°C/98.6°F • Fever ------- Raised body temp >37.2°C/99°F • Hyper pyrexia -------- > 105°F • Constant/ Continuous fever -------- Difference of two readings >2°F but temp reach to normal. • Intermittent fever – Difference of reading are >2°F but temp doesn’t reach normal. • Relapsing Fever ------ Fever disappear for 1 or more days. • Rigor --- Fever with shivering. • Scarlet Fever--- Start from sore throat. • Stepladder fever --- Typhoid fever (Enteric fever). • Ebstein fever– Fever remain moderate for few days & mild for next few days. • Inverse fever :- Temperature more in morning & but less in evening. • Remittent Fever :- Difference of reading are >2 F but temp doesn’t reach normal.

Important point.  👉 Oligomenorrhea = irregular, infrequent menstrual cycle more than 35 day in duration 👉 Polymenorrhoea = Regular and frequent menstrual cycle less than 21day in duration. 👉 Menorrhagia = Excessive menstrual blood loss more than 80 ml with normal duration of cycle. 👉 Mettorhagea = Excessive irregular menstrual cycle with normal amount of menstrual blood loss. 👉 Meno-mettorhagea = Excessive irregular menstrual cycle with excessive amount of blood loss 👉 Hypomenorrhoea = decrease amount of blood loss Less than 20 ml and less than 2day in duration. 👉 Dysmenorrhea = Excessive painful menstrual bleeding with normal duration of menstrual cycle and normal amount of menstrual blood loss. 👉 Cryptomenorrhoea = present of menstrual like symptoms but absence of menstrual bleeding

some types of phobias: 1. Acrophobia: Fear of heights. 2. Arachnophobia: Fear of spiders. 3. Claustrophobia: Fear of confined spaces. 4. Agoraphobia: Fear of open or crowded spaces. 5. Ophidiophobia: Fear of snakes. 6. Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder): Fear of social situations. 7. Glossophobia: Fear of public speaking. 8. Trypophobia: Fear of irregular patterns or clusters of small holes. 9. Thanatophobia: Fear of death. 10. Claustrophobia: Fear of flying. 11. Hemophobia: Fear of blood. 12. Nomophobia: Fear of being without a mobile phone.