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Rule 6
A pair of concord
When “a pair of” is used, the verb must be singular.
For example,
A pair of trousers (not trouser) lies(not lie) on the bed.
A pair of scissors lies (not lie) on the table.
Rule 7
National Concord
National concord is also called collective noun concord.
A collective noun: is a noun that stands for many units that constitute that single word.
For example,
An audience which means people who watch programs.
The congregation, which means worshipers.
Clergy which means religion officers.
A club, which means the association of members.
So whenever, you use a collective noun, the verb that follows must be a plural verb
For example,
Club: is a collective noun for members, so, we can also say, members of this association.
Our club meet ( not meets) ones in a week.
However, in some situations, a singular verb goes with a collective noun. Here is the principle;
If the collective noun performs an action, a plural verb follows, but if not, a singular verb follows.
Our Club is celebrating its twentieth anniversary today.
In the above statement, you can see that; Our Club performs no action, hence, a singular verb is used.
But;
Our Club are (not is) going on a vacation tomorrow.
You can see that; the above sentence is different from the first sentence, here the club is performing an action “going,” hence, we will use a plural verb (are) in compliance with the rule.
The audience are (not is) partial in their judgment of the winner. The answer is “are” because the collective noun (audience) performs an action “judgment.”
Rule 8
Parenthesis
The parenthesis statement is an additional statement to what has already been said before.
Note A parenthetical statement should not be considered in choosing the verb that will follow.
E.g
The teacher, not her students is in the class.
The correct answer is, is because ( not her students) is just parenthesis, and parenthesis has nothing to do with choosing the verb.
The manager, not many of his workers, is (not are) here now. not many of his workers is just a parenthesis, therefore, the parenthesis should be ignored.
The manager is a singular noun, hence a singular verb.
Rule 9
Accompaniment Concord
When any of these following words are used, the subject of the clause would be the noun and pronoun that comes before the marker of accompaniment.top↑
Words like as much as, alongside, as well as, together with, no less than, in association with, including, like, with, and in collaboration with, etc
Example 1
Mary, as well as her friends, is ( not are) beautiful.
The answer is, “is” because mary is the noun that comes before as well as, hence mary is the subject and it is a singular noun hence a singular verb.
Example 2
The little kids alongside their parents are (not is) here.
The answer is are not is because the little kids come before alongside. The subject is plural hence a plural verb.
Rule 10
More than concord
When more than is used, the word or number that comes after more than will determine the next verb.
For example
More than two apples are ( not is) here.
More than one oranges is (not are) here.
In the first statement, the answer is “are” not is because two attracts are but in the second statement, the correct option is, “is” not are because one attracts is.
Note: Do not think because more than one means at least two, that you will use a plural verb after, no, you will use a singular verb – the 24 rules of concord.
Use of English and Communication Skills for All Professionals , the 24 rules of concord
Rule 1
Subject and verb concord
When the subject in a sentence is singular, the verb should also be singular.
For example,
She (singular subject) goes (singular verb), not: She go ( plural verb). Also, when the subject is plural, the verb should be plural.
The girls (plural subject) go (plural verb), not The girls (plural subject) goes (Singular verb).
Rule 2
Subject and Object concord
When everybody or everyone is used, the object must be singular, not plural.
For example
Everybody knows his or her name, not: Everybody knows their name.
Rule 3
Mandative subjunctive concord
When prayer, suggestion, wish, demand, recommendation, or resolution is used in a sentence, the verb that follows must be plural, whether the subject is singular or plural.
For example;
It has been suggested that he go not goes away.
The board has Recommend that the manager resign not resigns.
I pray that God help me on my upcoming examination, not God helps.
Rule 4
The Principle of proximity
This principle states that when there is a list of nouns or pronouns at the level of the subject, it is the nearest noun or pronoun to the position of the verb that will determine the choice of the verb.
E.g
If James fails his examination, his teachers, his parents, his friends, or John ( ) to be blame.
The correct option to fill that blank space is, “is” not “are” because, at the subject level, we have his teachers, his friends, his parents and John ( four different people).
In order to choose the correct verb, we will need to choose the nearest subject to the gap as the subject, which is John.
Note: what makes us consider the only one noun or pronoun used in this sentence is because of the use of “or.” However, if the conjunction used is “and,” all the nouns or pronouns used in the sentence will be considered as the subject. I’ll explain better when I get to the type of such concord.
Back to James.
But if the question comes in this manner, the answer will be different,
For example,
If James fails his examination, his teachers, his parents, his friends, or I ( ) to be blame.
The correct answer here is “am,” because the pronoun “I” is the nearest subject to the gap, so if “I” is the subject, the verb that goes with it, is “am.” – the 24 rules of concord.
Rule 5
Many – a concord
When many – a is used, the verb and the noun that follows must be Singular
E.g
Many a candidate (not candidates) speaks ( not speak) bad English expressions.
Many a girl (not girls) is (not are) here.
The actual meaning of statements 1 and 2 are many candidates and many girls.
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1) Do not ask about your friends' progress. This could leave you feeling unprepared when you compare their answers with your own state of preparation and reduce your self confidence
2) Do not change your textbook at the last minute. You may feel pressured to change your textbook when you see the ones your mates are reading or you feel you haven't gained enough knowledge. But don't do it!
Changing your textbook when the exam is already at the corner will disorganize your learning process. Stick to the one you have been using.
3) Do not eat heavy and junk food before the exam. Don't stuff yourself up with food. Make sure you go to the exam hall feeling light and comfortable.
4) Avoid oversleeping or sleeping very late the night before the exam. It's best to get enough sleep before your exam and also wake up early on the exam day. Make sure you don't get to your exam venue late.
5) Protect your peace as much as you can when you get to the exam venue. Sit down calmly. Focus on yourself.If it'll disturb you, then don't try to recall what you've read. The knowledge will come to you when you see the question you need it for. Just rest easy and avoid all distractions.
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Congratulations to our country Nigeria ❤️🥳 , we made it , God is always with us always.
We are Giant of Africa for a reason 💓 , now nobody should look down on our country , especially these so called Grammy Dem😡 ,that stole Davido award give sourth Africa.
Naija we move😂 , our MOTO 👉 no gree for anybody
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Approximate percentage of elements in Human body
• Oxygen - 65%
• Carbon - 18%
• Hydrogen - 10%
• Nitrogen - 3%
• Calcium - 2%
• Phosphorous - 1%
• Potassium - 0.35%
• Sodium - 0.15%
• Chloride - 0.15%
• Magnesium - 0.05%
• Iron - 0.0004%
🛑Structure of the Atom🛑
➖By 1900, it was discovered that the atom was not a simple, indivisible particle, but rather it contains sub-atomic particles.
➖J.J. Thomson discovered the sub-atomic particle namely ‘electron.’
➖J.J. Thomson was the first person who proposed a model for the structure of an atom.
➖In 1886, E. Goldstein discovered the presence of new radiations in a gas discharge and named them canal rays.
➖Another positively charged sub-atomic particle was discovered with experiments of canal rays and named it proton.
🧿Thomson’s Model of Atom
➖Thomson proposed that an atom consists of a positively charged sphere and the electrons (negative charge) are embedded in it (as shown in the image given below).
➖Further, Thomson said that the negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude. Thus, the atom as a whole is electrically neutral.
🧿Rutherford’s Model of Atom
➖E. Rutherford is popular as the ‘Father’ of nuclear physics.
➖Rutherford is largely known for his work on radioactivity and the discovery of the nucleus of an atom with the gold foil experiment (as shown in the image given below.
➖Rutherford said that in an atom, there is a positively charged center known as the nucleus.
➖Rutherford said that nearly all the mass of an atom exists in in the nucleus.
➖According to Rutherford, the electrons revolve around the nucleus in well-defined orbits.
🧿Bohr’s Model of Atom
➖Neils Bohr further extended Rutherford’s model and improved his drawbacks.
➖According to Bohr, only certain special orbits known as discrete orbits of electrons, are allowed inside the atom.
➖Bohr said that electrons do not radiate energy while revolving in discrete orbits.
➖Bohr named orbits or shells as energy levels.
➖Bohr represented these orbits or shells are by the letters K, L, M, N,… or the numbers, n = 1,2,3,4,….
🧿Neutron
➖In 1932, J. Chadwick discovered a new sub-atomic particle i.e. neutron.
➖Neutron has no charge and a mass nearly equal to that of a proton.
➖Neutrons are present in the nucleus of all atoms, except hydrogen.
🧿Electrons Distributed in Different Orbits (Shells)
➖The maximum number of electrons that can be present in a shell is given by the formula 2n2.
➖‘n’ is the orbit number or energy level index, i.e. 1, 2, 3,….
➖According to the given formula −
First orbit i.e. K-shell will be = 2 × 12 = 2
Second orbit i.e. L-shell will be = 2 × 22 = 8
Third orbit i.e. M-shell will be = 2 × 32 = 18
Fourth orbit i.e. N-shell will be = 2 × 42 = 32
➖Likewise, the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the outermost orbit is 8.
➖Electrons are not filled in a given shell, unless the inner shells are filled. It means, the shells are filled in a step-wise manner; starting from inner shell to outer shell.
🧿Valence
➖The electrons, those are present in the outermost shell of an atom, are known as the valence electrons.
➖According to Bohr-Bury model, the outermost shell of an atom can have a maximum of 8 electrons.
🧿Atomic Number
➖The total number of protons, present in the nucleus of an atom, is known as atomic number.
➖The number of protons of an atom determines the atomic number.
➖Atomic number is denoted by ‘Z’.
➖Protons and neutrons collectively are known as nucleons.
🧿Mass Number
➖The sum of the total number of protons and neutrons, present in the nucleus of an atom, is known as mass number.
🧿Isotopes
➖The atoms of the same element, having the same atomic number but different mass numbers, is known as isotopes. E.g. Hydrogen atom has three isotopes namely protium, deuterium, and tritium.
➖The chemical properties of isotopes of an atom are similar but their physical properties are different.
🧿Isobars
➖Atoms of different elements with different atomic numbers, which have the same mass number, are known as isobars. E.g. calcium’s atomic number is 20and argon’s atomic number is 18; further, the number of electrons in these atoms is different, but the mass number of both these elements is 40.
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🙌🙌🙌🙌🙌🙌🙌🙌🙌🙌✅ Vocabulary
1. DEFALCATION (NOUN): default
Synonyms: disaster, failure
Antonyms: accomplishment, achievement
Example Sentence: Ravi made defalcation in funds.
2. CANDOR (NOUN): frankness
Synonyms: directness, fairness
Antonyms: dishonesty, unfairness
Example Sentence: She has done her task with complete candor.
3. CESSATION (NOUN): abeyance
Synonyms: breather, discontinuance
Antonyms: activity, continuity
Example Sentence: Since the bad weather has caused a temporary building cessation, the office building will not be completed on time.
4. DEVIOUS (ADJECTIVE)deceitful
Synonyms: duplicitous, insidious
Antonyms: honest, forthright
Example Sentence: He plays a devious character.
5. DISPARATE (ADJECTIVE): contrasting
Synonyms: discordant, diverse
Antonyms: agreeing, alike
Example Sentence: Anamika made disparate arguments.
6. DISTRAUGHT (ADJECTIVE): very upset
Synonyms: agitated, anxious
Antonyms: balanced, calm
Example Sentence: She burst into a little peal of laughter as she looked into his distraught face.
7. EXTRICATE (VERB): get out of a situation
Synonyms: detach, extract
Antonyms: attach, connect
Example Sentence: Amay was trying to extricate himself from official duties.
8. ENTANGLE (VERB): involve
Synonyms: confuse, complicate
Antonyms: clarify, exclude
Example Sentence: Don’t entangle those people in your project as they are not trustworthy.
9. PREMEDITATED (ADJECTIVE): planned
Synonyms: calculated, deliberate
Antonyms: accidental, casual
Example Sentence: Had it really been premeditated that he should fall into that camp?
✅ Vocabulary
1. ESPOUSE (VERB): adopt
Synonyms: embrace, take up
Antonyms: reject
Example Sentence:She espoused the causes of justice and freedom for all.
2. AVARICIOUS (ADJECTIVE) grasping
Synonyms: acquisitive, covetous
Antonyms: generous
Example Sentence:He showed none of the avaricious temper so common among the politicians.
3. MYRIAD (ADJECTIVE): innumerable
Synonyms: countless infinite
Antonyms: countable
Example Sentence:He gazed at the myriad lights of the city.
4. CONTENTIOUS (ADJECTIVE) controversial
Synonyms: disputable, debatable
Antonyms: uncontroversial
Example Sentence:The socio-economic plan had been the subject of contentious debate.
5. TRIVIALITY (NOUN): unimportance
Synonyms: insignificance, pettiness
Antonyms: importance
Example Sentence:There is mediocrity and triviality in the current popular culture.
6. NARCISSISTIC (ADJECTIVE): vain
Synonyms: self-absorbed, self-obsessed
Antonyms: modest
Example Sentence:She is a narcissistic actress.
7. LINGER (VERB): persist
Synonyms: continue, remain
Antonyms: vanish
Example Sentence:The tradition seems to linger on.
8. EXORBITANT (ADJECTIVE) extortionate
Synonyms: extremely, high
Antonyms: reasonable
Example Sentence:Some hotels charge exorbitant rates for phone calls.
9. DUBIOUS (ADJECTIVE) equivocal
Synonyms: ambiguous, indeterminate
Antonyms: decisive
Example Sentence:He holds the dubious distinction of being lowered by every club he has played for.
10. FLOUT (VERB): defy
Synonyms: go against, scorn
Antonyms: observe
Example Sentence:He flouted all the rules and regulations.
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