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👆👆👆👆👆👆👆 *CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ABOVE*

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(2). TAKE NOTE: NOT DRAWN TO SCALE!!!

*HISTORY ANSWERS* (8) (i) Ethnic Tensions: Nigeria is home to numerous ethnic groups, with the three largest being the Igbo in the southeast, the Yoruba in the southwest, and the Hausa-Fulani in the north. Ethnic divisions and rivalries were exacerbated by British colonial rule, which often favored one group over another. After independence in 1960, these tensions intensified, leading to distrust and competition for political power among the different ethnic groups. (ii) Regional Disparities: Economic and developmental disparities between regions contributed to tensions. The north was less economically developed compared to the more prosperous south. This imbalance created feelings of marginalization among the regions, particularly in the southeast, where the Igbo felt they were not receiving their fair share of the country's resources and development projects. (iii) Political Instability: Nigeria experienced significant political instability after gaining independence. The First Republic (1963-1966) was marked by corruption, election rigging, and political violence. In January 1966, a coup led by mostly Igbo military officers overthrew the government, resulting in the assassination of several northern political leaders. This coup was perceived as an attempt by the Igbo to dominate the country, leading to a counter-coup in July 1966 by northern officers, which further deepened ethnic divisions. (iv) Military Coups: The two military coups in 1966 created an environment of fear and uncertainty. The first coup, perceived as Igbo-dominated, led to widespread anti-Igbo sentiments in the north, resulting in violent pogroms where thousands of Igbos were killed, and many more fled to their eastern homeland. The subsequent counter-coup led to the killing of the Igbo-led government leaders, which heightened ethnic animosities and distrust. (v) Secession of Biafra: The culmination of ethnic tensions, political instability, and economic disparities led the southeastern region to declare independence as the Republic of Biafra on May 30, 1967, under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu. The Nigerian government, led by General Yakubu Gowon, rejected the secession, leading to the outbreak of war as the federal government sought to maintain Nigeria's territorial integrity. (vi) Control of Oil Resources: Oil was (and remains) a significant economic resource for Nigeria, and much of it was located in the southeastern region. Control over these oil-rich areas was a critical factor in the conflict. The federal government was determined to keep the region within Nigeria to maintain access to oil revenues, while Biafra sought control over these resources to support its bid for independence.

*HISTORY ANSWERS* (7) (i) Administrative Efficiency: The British combined the Northern and Southern Protectorates to make governing easier. Running two separate regions was complicated. A single administration allowed for smoother and more efficient management. (ii) Economic Balance: The Northern Protectorate was not as economically strong and struggled with revenue. On the other hand, the Southern Protectorate, especially around Lagos, was economically prosperous. By merging the two regions, the British could use the wealth of the south to support the north, making the colony financially stable. (iii) Infrastructure Development: The British wanted to build a railway connecting the north and south to improve the movement of goods and resources. A unified Nigeria made it easier to plan and fund these infrastructure projects, which were vital for economic growth. (iv) Political Control: Combining the two regions helped the British strengthen their control over Nigeria. A single administration made it easier to enforce laws and maintain order. It also reduced the chance of regional conflicts and resistance to British rule, leading to a more stable government. (v) Strategic and Geopolitical Interests: A united Nigeria was more important for British interests in West Africa. It allowed them to have a stronger presence in the region and better manage the territory’s resources. This helped the British secure their dominance and counter the influence of other European powers.

*HISTORY ANSWERS* (9) (i) Creation of States: Gowon's regime implemented the first major reorganization of Nigeria’s political structure by creating 12 states from the original 4 regions in 1967. This was aimed at promoting national unity and reducing regional tensions. (ii) Restoration of Peace and Stability: Gowon’s leadership played a crucial role in the end of the Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970). His administration pursued a policy of “No Victor, No Vanquished,” which aimed at fostering reconciliation and healing among the warring factions. (iii) Economic Development: Under Gowon's administration, the Green Revolution was launched to boost agricultural production and achieve self-sufficiency in food. This initiative led to improvements in agricultural practices and increased food production. (iv) National Reconciliation and Reconstruction: Gowon’s regime focused on the reconstruction of war-torn regions, particularly in the Eastern part of Nigeria. The government invested in rebuilding infrastructure, including roads, schools, and hospitals. (v) Educational Reforms: The Gowon administration made significant investments in the education sector, including the establishment of new universities and the expansion of educational facilities at various levels. (vi) Establishment of National Agencies: Several important national institutions and agencies were established during Gowon’s tenure, including the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) in 1973, which was aimed at promoting national integration and fostering unity among Nigerian youths.