Obsterics & Gynecology

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Correct Answer - D Unprotected intercourse without regard to the time of the month carries an 8% incidence of pregnancy, an incidence that can be reduced to 2% by the use of emergency contraceptives within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse. 0.75 mg levonorgestrel are now approved for postcoital contraception and are available over the counter for women aged >17 years. Levonorgestrel is more effective and is associated with fewer side effects than the combination estrogen-progestin regimens Basically the methods used interfere with the physiological events before implantation, for e.g. inhibition or delaying of ovulation or interference with postovulatory events necessary for implantation & longevity of the blastocyst. Ref: Hall J.E. (2012). Chapter 347. The Female Reproductive System, Infertility, and Contraception. In D.L. Longo, A.S. Fauci, D.L. Kasper, S.L. Hauser, J.L. Jameson, J. Loscalzo (Eds), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e.

Correct Answer - C Ans. is i.e. Serum lactic dehydrogenase however placental alkaline phosphate and lactate dehydrogenase are commonly produced by dysgerminomas and may be useful in monitoring the disease.

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Correct Answer - A Ans. is 'a' i.e., Iron Required more during lactation as compared to pregnancy: Energy, Vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, Vitamin C, niacin, and Vitamin B12. Required more during pregnancy: Iron, protein, and folate. Same requirment in pregnancy and lactation: Fat, calcium, zinc, magnesium, and vitamin B6.

Correct Answer - A Ans. is None/ a i.e. 3-4 mm "7he Endometrium is in the secretory phase corresponding to 20 - 21 days of cycle" at the time of implantation. "After ovulation, the endometrium now demonstrates a combined reaction to estrogen and progesterone activity. Most impressive is that total endometrial height is fixed at roughly its preovulatory extent (5-6 mm) despite continued availability of estrogen." Reading the above text it is clear that endometrium is - 5 - 6 mm thick at the time of implantation, which is not given in the option. Still if you have to mark one answer option 'a' i.e. 3 - 4 mm being closest could be right. Extra Edge Implantation occurs 7 - 9 days after ovulation. In human, the blastocyst burrows in the uterine cavity till whole of it lies within the thickness of endometrium. This is called as interstitial implantation. After implantation of the embryo the uterine endometrium is called the decidua". Decidua basalis - The part of decidua where the placenta is to be formed. Decidua Capsularis - The part of the decidua that separates the embryo from the uterine lumen.

Correct Answer - C CO2 CO, is the gas used to create pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopy. Other option is - N20: But it is expensive, less soluble in blood and supports combustion. Also know: Instrument used for creating pneumoperitoneum is veress needle. Flow Rate of CO, for creating pneumoperitoneum 200 - 2000 ml/min & pressure between 15 - 25 mm of Hg.

Correct Answer - A Streptococci

Langhans cells are seen in Cytotrophoblast The cells of the blastocyst differentiate into an outer trophectoderm and an inner cell mass. The trophectoderm is further differentiated into an inner mononuclear cellular layer called cytotrophoblast or Langhans layer or Langhans cells and an outer layer of multinucleated syncytium called syncytiotrophoblast.

Submentovertical diameter is the longest diameter of fetal skull. The submentovertical diameter extends from the junction of the floor of the mouth and neck to the highest point on sagittal suture. Shortest diameters of fetal skull: Bimastoid (7.5 cm) > Bitemporal (8 cm) Longest diameter vertical (14 cm) > Supmentovertical