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✅ Environment Related Act 🎓Indian Forest Act, 1927 🎓The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 🎓National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 🎓Noise Pollution rule, 2000 🎓Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act of 2001 🎓Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 🎓Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 🎓Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 🎓Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 🎓Biological Diversity Act, 2002 🎓Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 🎓National Environment Appellate Authority act -1997 🎓Forest Conservation Act, 1980

🔰 Important Ancient Indian History Notes 🔰 ============================== ➡️भीमबेटका रॉक शेल्टर मध्य भारत का एक पुरातात्विक स्थल है जो प्रागैतिहासिक पैलियोलिथिक और मेसोलिथिक काल के साथ-साथ ऐतिहासिक काल तक फैला है। यह भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में मानव जीवन के शुरुआती निशानों को प्रदर्शित करता है और एसाहुलियन में साइट पर शुरू होने वाले पाषाण युग के साक्ष्य हैं। ➨The Bhimbetka rock shelters are an archaeological site in central India that spans the prehistoric paleolithic and mesolithic periods, as well as the historic period. It exhibits the earliest traces of human life on the Indian subcontinent and evidence of Stone Age starting at the site in Acheulian. ➡️रुद्रपटना शमास्त्रस्ट्री FRAS ओरिएंटल रिसर्च इंस्टीट्यूट मैसूर में एक संस्कृत विद्वान और लाइब्रेरियन थे। उन्होंने राज्यशासन, आर्थिक नीति और सैन्य रणनीति पर एक प्राचीन भारतीय ग्रंथ, अर्थशास्त्र को फिर से खोजा और प्रकाशित किया। वह अरस्तू की "युग निर्माण" खोज के पीछे था, जो यूरोपीय विद्वानों की झूठी धारणा को बदल देता था कि प्राचीन भारतीयों ने यूनानियों से प्रशासन की कला सीखी थी। ➨Rudrapatna Shamasastry FRAS was a Sanskrit scholar and librarian at the Oriental Research Institute Mysore. He re-discovered and published the Arthashastra, an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. He was behind the “epoch making” discovery of Arthashastra that altered the false perception of the European scholars that Ancient Indians learnt the art of administration from the Greeks. ➡️Giak & Kiari लद्दाख में स्थित हैं। वे नवपाषाण स्थलों के उदाहरण हैं ➨Giak & Kiari are located in Ladakh. They are examples of Neolithic sites ➡️अभिधम्म पिटक थेरवाद बौद्ध परंपरा में विहित ग्रंथों का संग्रह है। विनया पिआका और सुत्त पिआका के साथ मिलकर यह टीपिका है। इसमें मूल प्राकृतिक सिद्धांतों का विस्तृत विश्लेषण है जो मानसिक और शारीरिक प्रक्रियाओं को नियंत्रित करता है। ➨The Abhidhamma Pitaka is a collection of canonical texts in the Theravada Buddhist tradition. Together with the Vinaya Piṭaka and the Sutta Piṭaka it is the Tipiṭaka. It has detailed analysis of the basic natural principles that govern mental and physical processes. ➡️भारतीय इतिहास में गुप्तों की आयु को भारतीय इतिहास का स्वर्ण युग बताया गया है। आयु विज्ञान, प्रौद्योगिकी, इंजीनियरिंग, कला, भाषा, साहित्य, तर्क, गणित, खगोल विज्ञान, धर्म और दर्शन में व्यापक उपलब्धियों के लिए जाना जाता है। इस युग ने हिंदू संस्कृति के सामान्य तत्वों को क्रिस्टलीकृत किया। काल ने कालिदास, वराहमिहिर, वात्स्यायन, आर्य भट्ट, विष्णु शर्मा, गौतम, पतंजलि आदि प्रख्यात लोगों को जन्म दिया। ➨The age of Guptas in the Indian History is described as Golden Age of Indian History. The age is known for extensive achievements in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy. This age crystallized the common elements of Hindu Culture. The age gave birth to eminent people like Kalidasa, Varahmihira, Vatsyana, Arya Bhatta, Vishnu sharma, Gautama, Patanjali etc. ➡️असका या अस्माका, बौद्ध ग्रंथों के अनुसार या जनपद प्राचीन भारत के पुराणों के अनुसार एक महाजनपद था, जो 700 ईसा पूर्व और 425 या 345 ईसा पूर्व के बीच मौजूद था। इसकी राजधानी बोधन है, जो तेलंगाना के निजामाबाद जिले का एक कस्बा है। ➨Assaka or Asmaka, was a Mahajanapada according to Buddhist texts or Janapada according to Puranas of ancient India which existed between 700 BC and 425 or 345 BC. Its capital is Bodhan, which is a town in Nizamabad district of Telangana. ➡️कदंब कर्नाटक, भारत का एक प्राचीन शाही परिवार था, जिसने उत्तरी कर्नाटक और वर्तमान उत्तर प्रदेश कन्नड़ जिले के बनवासी से कोंकण पर शासन किया था। यह मयूरशर्मन द्वारा स्थापित किया गया है। ➨The Kadambas were an ancient royal family of Karnataka, India, that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district. It is founded by Mayursharman. ➡️कुषाणों के तहत मथुरा कला विद्यालय का विकास किया गया है। निर्माण के लिए प्रयुक्त सामग्री स्पोटेड रेड सैंडस्टोन है। ➨The Mathura school of art is developed under the Kushanas. The material used for the construction is Spotted Red Sandstone.

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📌 INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATE. #Unionanditsterritories 🔸️ At the time of independence, India comprised two categories of political units, namely, the British provinces (under the direct rule of British government) and the princely states (under the rule of native princes but subject to the paramountcy of the British Crown). 🔸️ The Indian Independence Act (1947) created two independent and separate dominions of India and Pakistan and gave three options to the princely states which are :- • joining India, joining Pakistan or remaining independent. 🔸️ Of the 552 princely states situated within the geographical boundaries of India, 549 joined India and the remaining 3 (Hyderabad, Junagarh and Kashmir) refused to join India. 🔸️ However, in course of time, they were also integrated with India–Hyderabad by means of police action, Junagarh by means of referendum and Kashmir by the Instrument of Accession.

📌 UNION AND TERRITORIES CREATED AFTER 1956. #unionanditsterritories 🔺️ DADRA and NAGAR HAVELI. 🔸️ The Portuguese ruled this territory until its liberation in 1954. 🔸️ Subsequently, the administration was carried on till 1961 by an administrator chosen by the people themselves. It was converted into a union territory of India by the 10th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1961.

📌 FAZL ALI COMMISSION. #Unionanditsterritories 🔸️ The creation of Andhra state intensified the demand from other regions for creation of states on linguistic basis. 🔸️ This forced the Government of India to appoint (in December, 1953) a three- member States Reorganisation Commission under the chairmanship of Fazl Ali to re-examine the whole question. 🔸️ Its other two members were K.M. Panikkar and H.N. Kunzru. It submitted its report in September 1955 and broadly accepted language as the basis of reorganisation of states. But, it rejected the theory of ‘one language-one state’. 🔸️ Its view was that the unity of India should be regarded as the primary consideration in any redrawing of the country’s political units.

📌 UNION AND TERRITORIES CREATED AFTER 1956. #unionanditsterritories 1. MAHARASHTRA and GUJARAT 🔸️ In 1960, the bilingual state of Bombay was divided into two separate states–Maharashtra for Marathi speaking people and Gujarat for Gujarati speaking people. 🔸️ Gujarat was established as the 15th state of the Indian Union.

📌 DHAR COMMISSION #Unionanditsterritories 🔸️ There has been a demand from different regions, particularly South India, for reorganisation of states on linguistic basis. 🔸️ Accordingly, in June 1948, the Government of India appointed the Linguistic Provinces Commission under the chairmanship of S.K. Dhar to examine the feasibility of this. 🔸️ The commission submitted its report in December, 1948, and recommended the reorganisation of states on the basis of administrative convenience rather than linguistic factor.

📌 FAZL ALI COMMISSION. #Unionanditsterritories 🔸️ The creation of Andhra state intensified the demand from other regions for creation of states on linguistic basis. 🔸️ This forced the Government of India to appoint (in December, 1953) a three- member States Reorganisation Commission under the chairmanship of Fazl Ali to re-examine the whole question. 🔸️ Its other two members were K.M. Panikkar and H.N. Kunzru. It submitted its report in September 1955 and broadly accepted language as the basis of reorganisation of states. But, it rejected the theory of ‘one language-one state’. 🔸️ Its view was that the unity of India should be regarded as the primary consideration in any redrawing of the country’s political units.

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▪︎UNION and ITS TERRITORIES. 📌 ARTICLE 4 🔸️ Article 4 itself declares that laws made for admission or establishment of new states (under Article 2) and formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing states (under Articles 3) are not to be considered as amendments of the Constitution under Article 368. 🔸️ This means that such laws can be passed by a simple majority and by the ordinary legislative process.