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Vitamins and Their Deficiency Diseases Vitamin A deficiency diseases ️Night blindness, risk of infections, xerophthalmia Vitamin – B1 ️ Deficiency diseases beri-beri Vitamin – B2 deficiency diseases Eruption of skin, reddening of eyes Vitamin – B3 ️ Deficiency diseases itchy skin Vitamin – B5 ️ Deficiency diseases graying of hair, retardation Vitamin – B6 ️ Deficiency diseases anemia, skin disease Vitamin – B7 deficiency diseases ️paralysis, body ache, hair fall Vitamin – B11 ️ Deficiency diseases anemia, dysentery Vitamin C ️ Deficiency diseases anemia, pandurog Vitamin – D ️ Deficiency diseases Rickets, osteomalacia Vitamin E ️ Deficiency diseases decreased fertility Vitamin K ️ Deficiency diseases blood clotting 🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15 ➭ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a tumor that forms on a fetus' tailbone, also called the coccyx. The tumors are usually not cancerous (benign) but can be life-threatening if not treated. 🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

✅ Important Full Forms ➖ AF: atrial fibrillation ➖ AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ➖ AKA: alcoholic ketoacidosis ➖ ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ➖ AMI: acute myocardial infarction ➖ ARF: acute renal failure ➖ BP: blood pressure ➖ CABG: coronary artery bypass graft ➖ CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia ➖ CCF: congestive cardiac failure ➖ CF: cystic fibrosis ➖ CHD: coronary heart disease ➖ CNS: central nervous system ➖ COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ➖ CPAP: continuous positive airways pressure ➖ CRF: chronic renal failure ➖ CSF: cerebrospinal fluid ➖ CT: computer mography ➖ CVA: cerebrovascular accident (stroke) ➖ CVD: cardiovascular disease ➖ DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis ➖ DU: duodenal ulcer ➖ DVT: deep vein thrombosis ➖ ECG: electrocardiograph ➖ EEG: electroencephalogram ➖ ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate ➖ ESRD: end-stage renal disease ➖ FPG: fasting plasma glucose ➖ GIT: gastrointestinal tract ➖ GU: gastric ulcer ➖ GvHD: graft versus host disease ➖ HAV: hepatitis A virus ➖ HBV: hepatitis B virus ➖ Hcg: human chorionic gonadotrophin ➖ HCV: hepatitis C virus ➖ HIV: human immunodeficiency virus ➖ HNA: heparin neutralising activity ➖ ICH: intracranial haemorrhage ➖ IDA: iron deficiency anaemia ➖ IDDM: insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus ➖ IFG: impaired fasting glucose ➖ IGT: impaired glucose tolerance ➖ IHD: ischaemic heart disease ➖ Ig: immunoglobulin ➖ IM: intramuscular ➖ INR: international normalized ratio ➖ ITU: intensive therapy unit ➖ IV: intravenous ➖ IVU: intravenous urogram ➖ K+: potassium ➖ kg: kilogram ➖ KUB: kidney, ureter, bladder (x-ray) ➖ LBBB: left bundle branch block ➖ LCM: left costal margin ➖ LFTs: liver function tests ➖ LIF: left iliac fossa ➖ LUQ: left upper quadrant ➖ LVF: left ventricular failure ➖ LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy ➖ MC&S: microscopy, culture & sensitivity ➖ MCH: mean cell haemoglobin ➖ MI: myocardial infarction ➖ Min: minutes ➖ MPD: myeloproliferative disease ➖ MRI: magnetic resonance imaging ➖ MS : multiple sclerosis or mass spectroscopy ➖ Na+: sodium ➖ NaCl: sodium chloride ➖ OA : osteoarthritis ➖ OCP: oral contraceptive pill ➖ PACWP; pulmonary artery capillary wedge pressure ➖ PAD: peripheral arterial disease ➖ PaO2: partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood ➖ PB: peripheral blood ➖ PBC : primary biliary cirrhosis ➖ PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention ➖ PCL: plasma cell leukaemia ➖ PE: pulmonary embolism ➖ PR: per rectum ➖ PT: prothrombin time ➖ PV: plasma volume ➖ RAS: renal angiotensin system or renal artery stenosis ➖ RBBB: right bundle branch block ➖ RBCs: red blood cells ➖ RCC: red blood cell count ➖ Rh: Rhesus ➖ RIF: right iliac fossa ➖ RUQ: right upper quadrant ➖ SC: subcutaneous ➖ SDH: subdural haemorrhage ➖ SOB: short of breath ➖ SM: smooth muscle ➖ SVC : superior vena cava ➖ SVCO: superior vena caval obstruction ➖ SXR: skull x-ray ➖ T°: temperature ➖ t1/2: half-life ➖ T4: thyroxine ➖ TA: temporal arteritis ➖ TB: tuberculosis ➖ TFT: thyroid function test ➖ TIAs: transient ischaemic attacks ➖ TPO: thyroid peroxidase ➖ TRAB: thyrotropin receptor antibodies ➖ TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone ➖ TT: thrombin time ➖ u/U: units ➖ UC: ulcerative colitis ➖ U&E: urea and electrolytes ➖ UKPDS: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study ➖ URTI: upper respiratory tract infection ➖ UTI: urinary tract infection ➖ USS: ultrasound scan ➖ VIII: C factor VIII clotting activity ➖ VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide ➖ Vit K: vitamin K ➖ VSD: ventricular septal defect ➖ WBC: blood count or white blood cells 🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

Edema Edema is increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces or it is a fluid accumulation in the body cavities in excessive amounts. Depending on the site, fluid accumulation in body cavities can be variously designated as: a) Hydrothorax - fluid accumulation in pleural cavity in a pathologic amount. b) Hydropericardium - pathologic amount of fluid accumulated in the pericardial cavity. c) Hydroperitoncum (ascites) – fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity. d) Ancsarca - is severe & generalized edema of the body with profound subcutaneous swelling. Mechanism of edema formation Approximately 60% of the lean body weight is water, two-thirds of which is intracellular with the remainder in the extracellular compartment. The capillary endothelium acts as a semipermeable membrane and is highly permeable to water & to almost all solutes in plasma with an exception of proteins. Proteins in plasma and interstitial fluid are especially important in controlling plasma & interstitial fluid volume. Normally, any outflow of fluid into the interstitium from the arteriolar end of the microcirculation is nearly balanced by inflow at the venular end. Therefore, normally, there is very little fluid in the interstitium. Edema formation is determined by the following factors: 1) Hydrostatic pressure 2) Oncotic pressure 3) Vascular permeability 4) Lymphatic channels 5) Sodium and water retention

One Liners (OPTHAMOLOGY)🔥 1)Most common association of Scleritis is Rheumatoid arthritis 2) Scleromalacia perforans seen in long standing RA 3) Microcornea: corneal diameter less than 10mm 4)Megalocornea cornea: corneal diameter more than or equal to 13mm 5)Most common cause of Bacterial ulcer in India – Pneumococcus 6) Most common cause of Fungal ulcer in India – Aspergillus 7)Most common Ulcer in CL use – Pseudomonas 8) Ring Ulcer in CL user – Acanthamoeba Keratitis 9) Most painful ulcer - Acanthamoeba Keratitis 10)Ulcus Serpens – Pneumococcus Keratitis 11) Hypopyon Ulcer - Pneumococcus Keratitis 12) Satellite Lesions – Fungal corneal ulcer 13)Dendritic Ulcer – Herpetic ulcer 14) Reduced corneal sensations - Herpetic ulcer 15) Geographic Ulcer - Herpetic ulcer 16) Disciform keratitis - Herpetic ulcer 17) Hutchinson sign – HZV ophthalmicus 18) Interstitial Keratitis – Cogan Syndrome 19)Salmon Patch seen in - Interstitial Keratitis 20) Idiopathic Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis – Mooren’s ulcer 21) Neurotrophic Ulcer – 5th Nerve palsy 22) Neuroparalytic ulcer – 7th Nerve palsy 23) Fleischer Ring – Iron ring in Keratoconus 24)Vogt’s Stria – Keratoconus 25) Rizzuti Sign – Scissoring reflex on retinoscopy in Keratoconus 26) Oil-droplet sign – on DDO in Keratoconus 27) Munsen sign – Conical shape of lid on looking down in Keratoconus 28) Hydrops – Stromal edema in Keratoconus 29) Choice of investigation for Keratoconus – Corneal tomography 30)C3R/ Collagen Cross linking is treatment for - Keratoconus 31)Most common epithelial Corneal Dystrophy – Map Dot Fingerprint Dystrophy 32)Most common Stromal Corneal Dystrophy – Lattice Dystrophy 33) Most common Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy – Fuch’s Endothelial Dystrophy 34)Most common type of congenital cataract – Blue dot cataract 35) Most common type of visually significant congenital cataract – Lamellar/Zonular Cataract 36) Rider’s are seen in Lamellar/Zonular Cataract 37) Most common type of acquired cataract – Senile cataract 38) Index Myopia/Second Sight of old age seen in – Nuclear Sclerosis 39) Cataract causing Glare/early vision disturbance – Posterior subcapsular Cataract 40) Cataract causing vision difficulty in dim light – Cuneiform Cortical Cataract 41)Most common complication of Morgagnian cataract – Phacolytic glaucoma 42)Phacomorphic glaucoma is due to – Intumescent Mature Cataract 43) Snowflake Cataract – Diabetes 44)Rosette Cataract – Blunt Trauma 45) Oil droplet Cataract – Galactosemia 46)Reversible Cataract - Galactosemia 47)Sunflower Cataract – Wilson’s Disease 48) Christmas tree Cataract- Myotonic Dystrophy 49)Polychromatic lustre/Breadcrumb appearance – Complicated Cataract 50) Onion peel appearance – Posterior Polar Cataract 51)Glass Blower’s cataract – True exfoliation cataract 52) Steroid induced cataract – Posterior subcapsular cataract 53) Anterior Lenticonus – Alport syndrome 54) Posterior lenticonus – Lowe’s syndrome 55) Microspherophakia – Weil Marchesani Syndrome 56)Ectopia lentis – superotemporal dislocation – Marfan’s syndrome 57)Ectopia lentis – inferonasal dislocation – Homocystinuria 58) Laser used in Cataract Surgery – Femtosecond Laser 59) Ideal site of IOL implantation – In the capsular bag 60) Flexible IOL material – Acrylic, Rigid IOL – PMMA 61) Formula IOL power calculation – SRK II Formula 62)Most common late complication of Cataract Surgery – After Cataract/Posterior Capsular opacification 63) Treatment of After cataract – Nd Yag Laser Capsulotomy 64) Most dangerous complication of Cataract Surgery – Endophthalmitis 65) Most common cause of acute endophthalmitis – Staph epidermidis 66) Most common cause of late endophthalmitis – Propionibacterium acne, Fungi 67) Treatment of Endophthalmitis – Intravitreal Antibiotics/Pars plana vitrectomy 68) Gold standard Tonometry – Goldmann Applanation Tonometer 69) Lamellar dot sign – glaucomatous optic atrophy 70)Bayonetting of vessels/Nasalisation of vessels - glaucomatous optic atrophy 🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

✅ Hormones and their Functions 1. Growth hormone (GH) Or somatotropic hormone (STH) Function ~ stimulates growth by stimulating protein synthesis. 2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Function ~ stimulates thyroid secretion. 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Function ~ stimulates the production of of steroids by adrenal cortex. 4. Gonadotropic hormones (i) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Function ~ stimulates gamate, production, secration of sex hormones, development of follicles. (ii) interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) or luteinising  hormone (LH) Function ~ stimulates the leydig cells of testis and induces secretion of testosterone. stimulates development of Corpus luteum and ovulation in female. 5. Luteotropic hormone (LTH) or prolactin Function ~ stimulates the growth of mammary glands, lactation and maintenance of Corpus luteum. 6. Melanocyte stimulating hormone Function ~ controls dispersal of melanophores , in man it is doubtful. 7. Oxytocin Function ~ stimulates secretion of milk from mammary glands ; causes contraction of uterus at the time of child birth. 8. Antidiuretic hormone or ADH (vasopressin) Function ~ stimulates the nephrons for reabsorption of water. Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles, blood vessels and causes rise in blood pressure. 9. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) Function ~ control metabolism , regulate body temperature by calorigenic action. 10. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) Function ~ controls calcium (Ca++) level in blood, Check osteoporosis. 11. Parathormone Function ~ maintains proper level of calcium and phosphorus by regulating renal action , thus , controlling calcium and phosphate amount in bones. 12. Insulin (from β cells) Function ~ stimulates metabolism of carbohydrates. Influences the storage and utilization of sugar , inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis stimulates glycogenesis. 13. Glucagon (from α cell) Function ~ influences the enzymatic action of phosphorylase , controlling glycogenolysis in tha liver and muscles ; increases the amount of sugar in blood. Antagonistic to insulin, inhibits glycogenesis. 14. Somatostatin(ss) Function ~ suppresses the release of hormones from the pancrease and digestive track. 15. Pancreatic polypeptide Function ~ inhibits the release of digestive secretion of the pancrease. 16. Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) Function ~ Regulates heart beat , blood pressure , sympathetic nervous system , contraction of involuntary muscles of lung , eyes , gut etc. , Production of blood , flow of saliva and sweat under emotional state. 17. Adrenocorticoids Function ~ regulate water and electrolyte balance, regulate fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism; stimulate development of male and female secondary sexual characters. 18. Testosterone (leydig's cells) Function ~ affects the normal development and functions of secondary sexual organs and characters in male. ~ stimulate formation of sperms. 19. Estrogen (graafian follicles) Function ~ Affects development and maintenance of secondary sexual characters in female. ~ stimulate maturation of ova. 20. Progesterone (Ovary and Corpus luteum ) Function ~ stimulates uterus for pregnancy, implantation and formation of placenta, also stimulates mammary glands. 21. Relaxin ( Corpus luteum ) Function ~ relaxes ligaments of pelvic girdle at the time of birth. 22. Human chorionic gonadotropin or  HCG (placenta) Function ~ pravints disintegration of the Corpus luteum and maintains progesterone  production. 23. Serotonin Function ~ Helps in vasoconstriction of blood vessels. 24. Melatonin Function ~ Reduces quantity of FSH and LH, Acts as anti gonadotropic hormone. 25. Thymosin Function ~ regulates growth, stimulates proliferation of lymphocytes and also hastens sexual maturity. 🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

Parts of Nervous System The nervous system is broadly divided into central and peripheral parts which are continuous with each other. Further subdivisions of each part are given below. A. Central nervous system (CNS) includes: Brain or encephalon, which occupies cranial cavity, and contains the higher governing centres. Spinal cord or spinal medulla, which occupies upper twothirds of the vertebral canal, and contains many reflex centres. B. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is subdivided into the following two components. Cerebrospinal nervous system is the somatic component of the peripheral nervous system, which includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. It innervates the somatic structures of the head and neck, limbs and body wall, and mediates somatic sensory and motor functions. Peripheral autonomic nervous system is the visceral component of the peripheral nervous system, includes the visceral or splanchnic nerves that are connected to the CNS through the somatic nerves.

ℹ️ Appendicitis :- Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix. The appendix is a finger-shaped pouch that sticks out from the colon on the lower right side of the belly, also called the abdomen. 🔍 Symptoms - Appendicitis causes pain in the lower right abdomen. However, in most people, pain begins around the belly button and then moves. As inflammation worsens, appendicitis pain typically increases, eventually becomes serious & Possibly life-threatening. 🛡 Treatment:- Treatment of appendicitis is usually antibiotics and surgery to remove the appendix. 🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

▪️ Facts: ✅Our lungs inhale over two million liters of air every day, without even thinking. ✅When humans lose weight, about 80% of the fat is converted into carbon dioxide and exhaled through the lungs. 🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

Cholecystitis Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, beneath your liver. The gallbladder holds a digestive fluid that's released into your small intestine (bile). In most cases, gallstones blocking the tube leading out of your gallbladder cause cholecystitis. This results in a bile buildup that can cause inflammation. Other causes of cholecystitis include bile duct problems, tumors, serious illnesses and certain infections. If left untreated, cholecystitis can lead to serious, sometimes life-threatening complications, such as a gallbladder rupture. Treatment for cholecystitis often involves gallbladder removal. Causes Cholecystitis occurs when your gallbladder becomes inflamed. Gallbladder inflammation can be caused by: •Gallstones. Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles that develop in your gallbladder (gallstones). Gallstones can block the tube (cystic duct) through which bile flows when it leaves the gallbladder. Bile builds up, causing inflammation. •Tumor. A tumor may prevent bile from draining out of your gallbladder properly, causing bile buildup that can lead to cholecystitis. •Bile duct blockage. Kinking or scarring of the bile ducts can cause blockages that lead to cholecystitis. •Infection. AIDS and certain viral infections can trigger gallbladder inflammation. •Blood vessel problems. A very severe illness can damage blood vessels and decrease blood flow to the gallbladder, leading to cholecystitis. Complications Cholecystitis can lead to a number of serious complications, including: •Infection within the gallbladder. If bile builds up within your gallbladder, causing cholecystitis, the bile may become infected. •Death of gallbladder tissue. Untreated cholecystitis can cause tissue in the gallbladder to die (gangrene). It's the most common complication, especially among older people, those who wait to get treatment, and those with diabetes. This can lead to a tear in the gallbladder, or it may cause your gallbladder to burst. •Torn gallbladder. A tear (perforation) in your gallbladder may result from gallbladder swelling, infection or death of tissue. Prevention You can reduce your risk of cholecystitis by taking the following steps to prevent gallstones: •Lose weight slowly. Rapid weight loss can increase the risk of gallstones. If you need to lose weight, aim to lose 1 or 2 pounds (0.5 to about 1 kilogram) a week. •Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight makes you more likely to develop gallstones. To achieve a healthy weight, reduce calories and increase your physical activity. Maintain a healthy weight by continuing to eat well and exercise. •Choose a healthy diet. Diets high in fat and low in fiber may increase the risk of gallstones. To lower your risk, choose a diet high in fruits, vegetables and whole grains. 🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

What is Mutation? A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection. Germline mutations (that occur in eggs and sperm) can be passed on to offspring, while somatic mutations (that occur in body cells) are not passed on. Mutations are happening in our cells all the time, but almost none of these affect our health. This is very different than what we often see in science fiction in movies. In real life, a mutation is never so beneficial that it turns a person into a superhero or does something bizarre like cause them to grow wings. There are many reasons that mutations usually don't have major consequences. One reason is that our cells have very sophisticated machinery for repairing mutations very quickly. So there's not enough time for them to cause problems. Another is that most mutations occur in somatic cells like muscle cells or skin cells and can only affect the cell where the mutation occurred and cells that grow from that cell. On the other hand, when mutations occur in germline cells, eggs and sperm, they will be present in every cell that develops from that egg or sperm, an entire person, and can have larger effects. https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

Hydromorphone Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) is considered a powerful opioid pain medication that is used to treat moderate to severe pain. As nurses, awareness and understanding of the potential risks and considerations when administering Dilaudid to patients is necessary since this drug can be habit-forming and should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider. Indications and Therapeutic Effects Dilaudid, also known by its generic name hydromorphone, is a powerful opioid pain medication that is indicated for the relief of moderate to severe pain. Some of the common indications for Dilaudid include: •Acute pain. Dilaudid can be used to manage pain associated with surgery, injury, or other medical conditions. •Chronic pain. Dilaudid can be used to manage pain associated with conditions such as cancer, arthritis, or neuropathic pain. •Pain management in palliative care. Dilaudid can be used to manage pain in patients with advanced illnesses or terminal conditions. •Pain management in opioid-tolerant patients. Dilaudid can be used in patients who have developed tolerance to other opioid pain medications. •Antitussive. Dilaudid is also used, in low doses, as an antitussive.

Kidney stones Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi or nephrolithiasis, occur within the kidneys. Stones can also form elsewhere within the urinary tract. The patient may not have any symptoms from kidney stones until the stone attempts to move down the ureter towards the bladder. Patients develop crystals within the urine. A slow flow of urine gives the crystals time to form a stone. Crystals may be formed from calcium, uric acid, cystine, or struvite. Medications such as diuretics can increase the risk of kidney stone formation in some patients. PROGNOSIS A stone may lodge in the ureter blocking the flow of urine. Hydronephrosis and swelling of the ureter may follow. Kidney stones typically recur, especially in those with a family history of nephrolithiasis. HALLMARK SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS • Hematuria • Unilateral spasms of pain in the flank area (renal colic) • Pain may radiate to the lower abdomen, groin, scrotum, or labia • Nausea, vomiting, and sweating associated with the occurrence of pain • Elevated blood pressure with pain • Extreme flank pain that comes slowly or quickly INTERPRETING TEST RESULTS • Urinalysis shows red blood cells. • Ultrasound shows stones. • X-ray of kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) shows stones. • CT scan shows stones. • MRI shows stones. TREATMENT • Provide pain relief: • narcotics such as morphine • non-narcotics such as ketorolac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory • Administer antispasmodics as adjuncts for pain control. • Increase fluid intake to flush through the urinary tract. • Lithotripsy shock waves are used to break the stone into very small pieces that can pass more easily. • Stent placement to allow free flow of urine and passage of small stones or stone pieces. • Surgical removal of stone. NURSING DIAGNOSIS • Risk of impaired urinary elimination • Acute pain NURSING INTERVENTIONS • Monitor intake and output. • Monitor pain level and response to pain medications. • Strain urine to obtain stone for analysis in lab. • Teach the patient about: 1. Adequate fluid intake. 2. Medications used to reduce the chance of recurrence. 3. Dietary modifications are needed based on the content of the stone.

Examination of the newborn: monitoring progress The purpose of the examination of the newborn is to monitor the normal progress of the baby and for early detection of deviations from normal. During the examination, advice can be given to the parents about minor disorders and safe baby care practices, such as the correct amount and type of clothing and bedding needed and the correct sleeping position, to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Information can also be gained about the baby's overall feeding and sleeping pattern. The midwife will monitor and record the following information. • With the mother's permission, the baby should be undressed and examined in a draught-free environment. Care is taken not to expose the baby longer than necessary and he/ she should be re-dressed as quickly as possible to maintain body temperature. • Colour: the baby should not be pale, cyanosed, or jaundiced. The skin is inspected for rashes and spots. • Temperature: the chest and back should feel warm. If the hands and feet are cool, mittens and bootees can be put on. • Respirations: should be regular, up to 40/ min with no dyspnoea or expiratory grunt. • Muscle tone should be neither floppy nor stiff. • The eyes, nose, and mouth should be inspected for discharge or other signs of infection. • The umbilicus is inspected for signs of cord separation and advice is given about washing the umbilicus as part of the daily bath. The cord may need to be cleaned during the nappy change and warm tap water is sufficient for this purpose. The cord usually separates during the first 10 days of life. • The nappy area is inspected for signs of rashes and the mother can be asked whether the baby is passing urine and stools regularly. • The baby should pass urine during the first 24 hours after birth and then urine output is governed by the baby's intake of food and fluid. Wet nappies signify a good fluid intake. • The first stools will be meconium, a soft black sticky substance that accumulates in the gut in fetal life. The passage of meconium confirms the patency of the lower gut. • After a few days of feeding, the stools change color to green/ brown as the milk starts to be digested. The passage of a changing stool confirms the patency of the upper digestive tract. • Yellow stools confirm that milk is being fully digested. A breastfeeding baby may pass stools several times per day or only once every few days, depending on its intake. Formula-fed babies should pass stools each day.

Bone Fractures by Name Wrist Fractures 1. Colles' Fracture: Fracture of the distal radius. 2. Barton Fracture: Fracture of the distal radius. 3. Smith Fracture: Fracture of the distal radius. 4. Hutchinson Fracture: Intra-articular fractures of the radial styloid process. Thumb Fractures 1. Bennet Fracture: Fracture of the base of the thumb resulting from forced abduction of the first metacarpal. 2. Rolando Fracture : Intra articular comminuted fracture of base of first metacarpal. Toddler's Fracture: Undisplaced spiral fracture of distal tibia in children under 8 years old. Runner's Fracture: Stress fracture of distal fibula 3-8 cm above the lateral malleolus. Boxer's Fracture: Fracture of neck of little metacarpal. Ventrally displaced fracture through the neck of 5th Metacarpal, usually occurs in boxers. Jones Fracture: Extra-articular fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal. Hangman's Fracture: Fracture of the "Axis" in the cervical region. Chauffeur Fracture: An intraarticular, oblique fracture of the styloid process of the radius. Bullet shaped vertebrae : Seen in Achondroplasia and Congenital hypothyroidism. Montegia Fracture-dislocation: Fracture of upper third of ulna with dislocation of head of the radius.

Science Gk Tricks in hindi | Gk/GS याद करने का आसान तरीका | 10 short science  tricks https://boardexamscommunity.in/science-gk-tricks-in-hindi/