UPSC Optional Notes

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🛡️ *Swaran Singh Committee* ♟️In 1976, Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties, the need felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975–1977). ♟️The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the Constitution. ♟️It stressed that the citizens should become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well. ♟️The Congress Government at Centre accepted these recommendations and enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976. ♟️This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution. This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A. ♟️Though Swaran Singh Committee suggested eight Fundamental Duties in the Constitution, the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976) included ten Fundamental Duties.

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*🛡️Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833)* ♟️Father of Indian Renaissance. ♟️Maker of Modern India. ♟️Believed in scientific temper, human dignity, monotheism, and Upanishads. ♟️Opposed idolatry and meaningless rituals. *♟️Books* Gift to Monotheism (1809) + Percepts of Jesus (1820). ♟️Translated Vedas and Upanishads into Bengali. ♟️Atmiya Sabha (Society of Friends) in Calcutta in 1814. ♟️Started Brahmo Samaj (1828) [ formerly called as Brahmo Sabha] ♟️Established Vedanta College (1825). ♟️Supported the revolutions of Naples and Spanish America. ♟️Supported David Hare in establishing Hindu College (1817). ♟️Crusader against Sati. ♟️Efforts resulted in Government Regulation against Sati in 1829.

*🛡️Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)* ♟️The Comptroller and Auditor General is appointed by the President of India and can be removed from office only in the manner and on the grounds that a Judge of the Supreme Court is removed. ♟️The person appointed to this office should take an oath of office before the President or any other person appointed by the office of the President. ♟️The salary, service conditions, leaves of absence, pension and age of retirement are determined by the Parliament of India and specified in the Second Schedule such that the service conditions and salary will not be modified to the disadvantage of the incumbent during their tenure. ♟️The CAG is not eligible for any further office after the end of their tenure either in the Government of India or any State Government. ♟️The administrative expenses of the office of CAG, including salaries, allowances and pensions serving in that office are charged up on the Consolidated Fund of India.Thus they are not subjected to the vote of Parliament.