UPSC Optional Notes

*🛡️Countries Along the Tropics & Equator with Mnemonics* *💎Tropic of Cancer (16 Countries)* *💎Mnemonic:- ESTONIA WC plays BBL in MMMMU* ♟️Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Oman, Niger, India, Algeria, Western Sahara, China, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Libya, Mali, Myanmar, Mexico, Mauritania, UAE. *💎Tropic of Capricorn (10 Countries)* *💎Mnemonic:- CAB PNB Se Mumbai Aai* ♟️Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Australia. *💎Equator (13 Countries)* *💎Mnemonic:- ECB SaoTomo GCC UKS MIKi* ♟️Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Republic of Congo, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia, Kiribati. > *_Hit 👍🏻❤️ To Appreciate Our Consistent Efforts_*

🏵Noise Pollution 🛡Section 2 (a) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 considers noise as an ‘air pollutant’. 🛡Noise pollution and its sources are regulated under The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 under The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. 🛡Under the Act, there is a defined ambient acceptable noise level, restrictions on the use of loudspeakers, sound-emitting construction equipment, horns, bursting of crackers, and so on

🛡️ *Government Securities (G-Sec)* ♟️A Tradable instrument issued by the Central Government or the State Governments. ♟️A G-Sec is a type of debt instrument issued by the government to borrow money from the public to finance its Fiscal Deficit. *💎Kinds* ♟️ *Short* Term (usually called treasury bills, with original maturities of less than one year ♟️ *Long* Term (usually called Government bonds or dated securities with original maturity of one year or more) 💎 *Issuer* ♟️Central Government - issues both, treasury bills & bonds or dated securities ♟️State Government - Only bonds or dated securities [State Development Loans (SDLs)] ♟️G-Secs carry practically no risk of default and, hence, are called risk-free gilt-edged instruments. ♟️ *Issue Mechanism* The RBI conducts Open Market Operations (OMOs) for sale or purchase of G-secs to adjust money supply conditions.

*🛡️Public Accounts Committee(PAC)* ♟️It is a financial parliamentary committee. ♟️It was set up first in 1921 under Government of India act 1919. ♟️It consists of 22 members (15-Lok Sabha , 7- Rajya Sabha). A minister cannot be its member. ♟️The term of office of the members is one year. The members are elected by the Parliament every  year from amongst its members. ♟️Its chairman is appointed by Speaker of LS. *💎FUNCTION :* ♟️To examine the annual audit reports of the CAG. CAG acts as a guide, friend, philosopher of the committee. *💎Limitations :* ♟️It is not concerned with the questions of policy in broader sense. ♟️Its recommendations are advisory and not binding on the ministries. ♟️It conducts a post-mortem examination of accounts.

🛡️ *Evolution of Civil services in India* ♟️1. Cornwallis ( 1786-93) first to organise . ♟️ 2. Wellesley ( 1798-1805) A. Fort William college for new recruits B. 1806- Disapproved ( by Court of Directors) C. East India College at Haileybury in England ♟️3. 1853- Open competition ♟️4. Indian Civil Service Act, 1861: A. Age: 23 (1859), 22 ( 1860), 21 ( 1866), 19 ( 1878) B. 1863- Satyendra Nath Tagore became first Indian to qualify ♟️5. Statutory civil service (1878-79: Lytton) A. 1/6th covenanted post to Indians through nominations ( system failed and abolished) ♟️6. Aitchison Committee on Public Services ( 1886) - Dufferin A. Drop covenanted and uncovenanted B. Imperial Indian Civil service ( Exam- England), Provincial Civil Service ( exam- India), Subordinate Civil Service ( Exam- India) C. Raising Age limit to 23 ♟️7. Montford Reforms 1919: A. 1/3rd recruitment in India itself- to be raised annually by 1.5% ♟️8. Lee Commission 1924: A. Direct recruit. To ICS on basis of 50:50 parity to be reached in 15 yrs B. Public Service Commission to be established ( as laid in GoI Act,1919) ♟️9. GoI Act, 1935: A. Establishment of Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission.

*🛡️Tidal Flooding* ♟️Tidal flooding, also known as “nuisance flooding” or “sunny day flooding,” happens when high tides cause water levels to rise and flood low-lying coastal areas.  *♟️Causes* Changes in prevailing winds, shifts in ocean currents, and strong tidal forces (which occur during full or new moon) can all cause high tide flooding. ♟️High tide flooding falls into three levels of severity: minor, moderate, and major.  *💎Concerns* ♟️Tidal flooding disrupts daily life by flooding roads and services, damages infrastructure, and causes economic losses for businesses.  ♟️It accelerates coastal erosion, harms habitats, and contaminates freshwater supplies with saltwater.  ♟️Repeated flooding forces communities to relocate.  ♟️Over time, rising sea levels due to climate change will make tidal flooding more frequent and severe.

*🛡️LEADER OF THE HOUSE OF THE OPPOSITION* ♟️In each House of Parliament, there is the ‘Leader of the Opposition’. The leader of the largest Opposition party having not less than one-tenth seats of the total strength of the House is recognised as the leader of the Opposition in that House. ♟️In a parliamentary system of government, the leader of the opposition has a significant role to play. His main functions are to provide a constructive criticism of the policies of the government and to provide an alternative government. Therefore, the leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha were accorded statutory recognition in 1977. ♟️They are also entitled to the salary, allowances and other facilities equivalent to that of a cabinet minister. ♟️It was in 1969 that an official leader of the opposition was recognised for the first time. The same functionary in USA is known as the ‘minority leader’.

Another mcq solving from TBT batch....This is how we build logic.....No Tukke Bazi....No blind Guessing..... #PYQs_for_Logic_Building Course link - https://www.northstarias.com/courses/818259

🎯 Subscribe this YouTube channel for 100% Free Super Quality IAS-PCS Classes https://youtube.com/@resultmitra?si=p7PlaDbJSBQPBHcl 👉 Class join करने के लिए Link : - https://youtube.com/live/0Nm0zTVO8gk?feature=share UPSC (IAS) 2026/27/28/29 Aspirants के लिए Complete Environment & Ecology – Part 01 🌱 Playlist👇 https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5hBZimDGA-cF0IHQk_p3tzJmtrfeFTgB&si=8RgBEs0DovYK-jxD 🎯 Prelims के लिए सबसे important subject 🎯 Concept clarity + PYQ oriented approach 🎯 Beginner से लेकर advanced level तक full coverage अगर Environment strong है, तो selection के chances बढ़ जाते हैं 🚀 Contact for more Info :- 9235313184 Follow करें Result Mitra for daily UPSC preparation content 💡 #UPSC #IAS #Environment #Ecology #UPSCPreparation #Prelims2026 #StudyMotivation #CurrentAffairs #UPSC2027 #ResultMitra

🎯 Subscribe this YouTube channel for 100% Free Super Quality IAS-PCS Classes https://youtube.com/@resultmitra?si=p7PlaDbJSBQPBHcl 👉 Class join करने के लिए Link : - https://youtube.com/live/0Nm0zTVO8gk?feature=share UPSC (IAS) 2026/27/28/29 Aspirants के लिए Complete Environment & Ecology – Part 01 🌱 Playlist👇 https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5hBZimDGA-cF0IHQk_p3tzJmtrfeFTgB&si=8RgBEs0DovYK-jxD 🎯 Prelims के लिए सबसे important subject 🎯 Concept clarity + PYQ oriented approach 🎯 Beginner से लेकर advanced level तक full coverage अगर Environment strong है, तो selection के chances बढ़ जाते हैं 🚀 Contact for more Info :- 9235313184 Follow करें Result Mitra for daily UPSC preparation content 💡 #UPSC #IAS #Environment #Ecology #UPSCPreparation #Prelims2026 #StudyMotivation #CurrentAffairs #UPSC2027 #ResultMitra

This is how we learn PYQs — in a logical way. Learn from mentors who have scored 148, 142, and 136. Course link - https://www.northstarias.com/courses/818259

The wait is over, Aspirants! It’s time to move from preparation to performance. 📌 The Challenge: Full-Length Test (GS & CSAT) 🗓️ Date: Sunday, 29th March 2026 ⏰ Window: 12:00 AM – 11:59 PM (Attempt anytime!) Real exam confidence comes from serious mock practice. Test yourself against thousands of aspirants and receive: ✅ Detailed Performance Analysis ✅ Gap Identification ✅ All India Rank (AIR) This is for FREE 👉Check how your Report and AIR will look after FLT - Click here 👉 Download the App now!

🚫 Stop endless scrolling. ✅ Start smart scrolling. We post 8–10 UPSC-oriented MCQs every day. Turn your scroll time into revision time. Come, practice daily, stay exam-ready. 📌 Follow this channel & solve MCQs daily https://t.me/northstarinstitute

The wait is over, Aspirants! It’s time to move from preparation to performance. 📌 The Challenge: Full-Length Test (GS & CSAT) 🗓️ Date: Sunday, 29th March 2026 ⏰ Window: 12:00 AM – 11:59 PM (Attempt anytime!) Real exam confidence comes from serious mock practice. Test yourself against thousands of aspirants and receive: ✅ Detailed Performance Analysis ✅ Gap Identification ✅ All India Rank (AIR) This is for FREE 👉Check how your Report and AIR will look after FLT - Click here 👉 Download the App now and gear up for Sunday!

🚀 Stop Blind Guessing. Start Logic Building. Introducing…… THINK BEFORE YOU TICK (TBT) : A UPSC PYQ-based Logic Building Course What you will get: ✅ Decode PYQs: Analyze 10+ years of questions to see what the examiner sees. ✅ The 50:50 Dilemma: Learn how to resolve confusion and take "Safe Risks." ✅ Pattern Recognition: Identify recurring themes and hidden question patterns. ✅ Mindset Alignment: Align your thought process with the UPSC standard. 👉 Sample Session 1 : Click Here 👉 Sample Session 2 : Click Here 💰 Fees: ₹999/- + GST 🔥 ADMISSION OPEN! 👉 For Admission : Click Here 📞 Contact: 075881 27455

The wait is over, Aspirants! It’s time to move from preparation to performance. 📌 The Challenge: Full-Length Test (GS & CSAT) 🗓️ Date: Sunday, 29th March 2026 ⏰ Window: 12:00 AM – 11:59 PM (Attempt anytime!) Real exam confidence comes from serious mock practice. Test yourself against thousands of aspirants and receive: ✅ Detailed Performance Analysis ✅ Gap Identification ✅ All India Rank (AIR) This is for FREE 👉Check how your Report and AIR will look after FLT - Click here 👉 Download the App now and gear up for Sunday!

uppcs 2023 DSP Topper ( Scs Gyan sir student ) Rank 42 Roll number 185483 Arun Parashar ( up pcs topper finally selected from PCS KING 🔥GYAN SIR study for civil services ) #uppcs #uppsc UPPCS 2026 शुरुआत से पूरी तैयारी = https://t.me/studyforcivilservices/52271?single