UPSC Optional Notes

⭐️GI TAGGED HANDLOOM PRODUCTS (State-wise) 📍 Andhra Pradesh ✅ Uppada Jamdani Sarees ✅ Venkatagiri Sarees ✅ Mangalagiri Sarees & Fabrics ✅ Dharmavaram Handloom Pattu Sarees & Paavadas 📍 Gujarat ✅ Tangaliya Shawl ✅ Kachchh Shawls ✅ Patan Patola ✅ Rajkot Patola 📍 Himachal Pradesh ✅ Kullu Shawl ✅ Kinnauri Shawl 📍 Jammu & Kashmir ✅ Kashmir Pashmina ✅ Kani Shawl 📍 Karnataka ✅ Navalgund Durries ✅ Ilkal Sarees ✅ Molakalmuru Sarees ✅ Udupi Sarees ✅ Mysore Silk ✅ Guledgudd Khana 📍 Kerala ✅ Cannanore Home Furnishings ✅ Balaramapuram Sarees ✅ Kasaragod Sarees ✅ Kuthampully Sarees ✅ Chendamangalam Dhoties & Set ✅ Mundu–Kuthampully Dhoties & Set Mundu 📍 Madhya Pradesh ✅ Chanderi Sarees ✅ Maheshwar Sarees 📍 Maharashtra ✅ Solapur Chaddar ✅ Paithani Sarees ✅ Solapur Terry Towel ✅ Karvath Kati Tussar Sarees 📍 Manipur ✅ Shaphee Lanphee ✅ Wangkhei Phee ✅ Moirang Phee 📍 Odisha ✅ Kotpad Handloom ✅ Orissa Ikat ✅ Khandua Saree ✅ Gopalpur Tussar ✅ Dhalapathar Parda ✅ Sambalpuri Bandha Saree ✅ Bomkai Saree ✅ Habaspuri Saree ✅ Berhampur Patta (Phoda Kumbha) Saree 📍 Tamil Nadu ✅ Kancheepuram Silk ✅ Bhavani Jamakkalam ✅ Madurai Sungudi ✅ Arani Silk ✅ Kovai Kora Cotton Sarees ✅ Salem Silk (Salem Venpattu) 📍 Telangana ✅ Pochampally Ikat ✅ Gadwal Sarees ✅ Siddipet Gollabama ✅ Narayanpet Handloom Sarees 📍 Uttar Pradesh ✅ Banaras Brocades & Saree ✅ Mirzapur Handmade Dari 📍 West Bengal ✅ Santipore Saree ✅ Baluchari Saree ✅ Dhaniakhali Saree 🔸 Other GI Tags ✅ Muga Silk – Assam ✅ Bhagalpur Silk – Bihar ✅ Champa Silk Saree – Chhattisgarh ✅ Kota Doria – Rajasthan ✅ Chakheshang Shawls – Nagaland

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*🛡️National Parks in Madhya Pradesh* Madhya Pradesh is home to eleven national parks, each with distinctive ecosystems and wildlife. Here's an overview of the notable ones: *💎1. Kanha National Park (Kanha Tiger Reserve)* ♟️The largest national park in the state (~940 km²) . ♟️Famous for its barasingha (swamp deer) conservation success, as well as tigers, leopards, and dhole . ♟️Offers well-structured safari experiences in lush sal and bamboo forests . *💎2. Bandhavgarh National Park* ♟️Known for one of the highest tiger densities in India . ♟️The terrain includes ancient forts (Bandhavgarh Fort) and offers rich tiger sighting opportunities . ♟️The Oberoi Vindhyavilas lodge provides a luxurious safari stay that blends comfort with conservation . *💎3. Pench National Park* ♟️Spanning both Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra . ♟️Inspired Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book . ♟️Rich in biodiversity: tigers, leopards, sloth bears, and high herbivore density . *💎4. Panna National Park* ♟️Located in Panna and Chhatarpur districts (~543 km²) . ♟️Known for a successful tiger restoration program, now hosting around 80 tigers . ♟️Encompasses the scenic Ken River, gorges, plateaus, and crocodile habitats . *💎5. Satpura National Park (Satpura Tiger Reserve)* ♟️Part of the larger Satpura Tiger Reserve (~2,133 km²) that includes Satpura, Bori, and Pachmarhi areas . ♟️Offers diverse landscapes—gorges, sandstone peaks, and river valleys—with trekking, canoe, elephant, and walking safaris . *💎6. Kuno National Park* ♟️Declared a national park in 2018 (~748–1,188 km², depending on source) . ♟️Known for the cheetah reintroduction project and ongoing efforts to revive populations of Indian wolves, jackals, and other dry deciduous forest species . *💎7. Van Vihar National Park* ♟️Located in Bhopal (~4.5 km²); unique as a zoo-style protected area with animals in near-natural habitat and road-accessible trails . ♟️Designed for conservation and public education, serving as a green lung for the capital . *💎8. Madhav National Park* ♟️Covers around 337 km² in Shivpuri district . ♟️Known for boating, crocodile sightings, and birdwatching, with attractions like Sakhya and Madhav Sagar lakes . *💎9. Fossil & Dinosaur Fossil National Parks* ♟️Ghughua Fossil Park: Small (~0.27 km²), protects ancient plant fossils . ♟️Dinosaur Fossil National Park: Around 108 km², preserving fossilized dinosaur remains . *💎10. Sanjay (Sanjay-Dubri) National Park* ♟️Area ~467 km²; located in Sidhi and Singrauli districts . ♟️Includes Dubri region and has rich wildlife, including tigers and diverse bird species. *💎Quick Reference Table* *♟️National Park Area (approx.) Key Highlights* ⚜️Kanha 940 km² Barasingha conservation, tigers, large reserve ⚜️Bandhavgarh ~437–1,536 km² High tiger density, historical fort, luxury safari stays ⚜️Pench ~293–758 km² Jungle Book setting, rich fauna, cross-state access ⚜️Panna ~543 km² Tiger restoration, scenic geology, crocodiles ⚜️Satpura ~2,133 km² Trekking, canoeing, walking safaris, diverse landscapes ⚜️Kuno ~748–1,188 km² Cheetah project, dry deciduous habitat ⚜️Van Vihar ~4.5 km² Urban zoo-like park in Bhopal ⚜️Madhav ~337 km² Boating, birding, lakes, crocodile sightings ⚜️Fossil & Dinosaur Parks ~0.27–108 km² Prehistoric fossil preservation ⚜️Sanjay-Dubri ~467 km² Tiger habitat and forest in central MP *♟️For unforgettable tiger sightings:* Bandhavgarh, Kanha, Pench, Panna. *♟️For tranquil and rugged wilderness:* Satpura offers solitude and immersive experiences. *♟️For conservation success stories:* Panna (tigers), Kuno (cheetahs). *♟️For easy access in the capital:* Van Vihar in Bhopal. *♟️For unique prehistoric interest:* Fossil and Dinosaur parks. *♟️For boating or birding adventures:* Madhav and Panna.

*President* 🔸 The President must be a citizen of India, not less than 35 years of age and qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha. 🔸 His term of office is five years and he is eligible for re-election. 🔸His removal from office is to be in accordance with procedure prescribed in Article 61 of the Constitution. 🔸 The executive power of the Union is vested in the President and is exercised by him either directly or through officers’ subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution. 🔸The President summons, prorogues, addresses, sends messages to Parliament and dissolves the Lok Sabha; promulgates Ordinances at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are in session.

*🛡️Permanent Settlement* ♟️Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through the Permanent Settlement Act. ♟️It was introduced in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi. Also known as Permanent Settlement System. ♟️Zamindars were recognized as the owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants. ♟️While the zamindars became the owners of the land, the actual farmers became tenants. ♟️The tax was to be paid even at the time of poor yield. The tax was to be paid in cash. Before introducing this system, the tax could be paid in kind. ♟️The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belongs to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share belongs to East India Company.

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*🛡️Smog-Eating Technology* ♟️A photocatalytic technology based primarily on Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂). ♟️Works through coatings applied on roads, pavements, buildings, etc. to neutralize air pollutants. *💎How it Works?* ♟️TiO₂ acts as a photocatalyst when exposed to sunlight/UV light. ♟️Converts harmful gases like Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) & VOCs → into nitrates, CO₂ & water. ♟️Creates a “self-cleaning” effect, breaking down pollutants on contact. *💎Benefits* ♟️Reduces harmful pollutants (NO₂, hydrocarbons). ♟️Improves public health by lowering toxic air exposure. ♟️Low-maintenance, works passively under sunlight. ♟️Can be integrated with existing urban infrastructure without major disruption. *💎Challenges* ♟️Needs scientific validation under Indian/local conditions. ♟️Cost-effectiveness of large-scale application still debated. ♟️Concerns about long-term durability of coatings & safe disposal of residues.

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