UPSC Optional Notes

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🛡️Ken River ♟️Originates from Barner range of MP. ♟️It makes through Panna dist. (MP) where it makes gorge at Gangau. ♟️Joins Yamuna river in Banda dist. in UP. 💎Ken - Betwa link ♟️It is a project proposed to transfer excess water from the River Ken to the Betwa basin through the use of a concrete canal. ♟️The project aims to provide irrigation to the Bundelkhand region, which is one of the worst drought-affected areas in India. The beneficiary states are Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

🛡️Betwa River ♟️Rises in Bhopal (Vindhyan range) and joins Yamuna near Hamirpur ♟️Dhasan is its important tributaries. 💎Ken - Betwa link ♟️It is a project proposed to transfer excess water from the River Ken to the Betwa basin through the use of a concrete canal. ♟️The project aims to provide irrigation to the Bundelkhand region, which is one of the worst drought-affected areas in India. The beneficiary states are Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

🛡️Banas River ♟️Originates at Aravallis in the Khamnor hills near Kumbalgarh. ♟️Joins Chambal on Rajasthan-MP border near Sawai-Madhopur. 💎Tributaries :- ♟️Right bank - Berach, Manali ♟️ Left bank - Kothari, Dheel, Sohadara, Morel ♟️Major Dam - Bisalpur

🛡️Razia Sultan (1236-40) ♟️1st and only female Muslim ruler of medieval India. ♟️Discarded female apparel and purdah, adopted male attire, went for hunting and let army thud aroused resentment among Turkish nobles. ♟️She was not acceptable to Muslim theologians and nobles. ♟️1240 – serious rebellion broke out in Sirhind under Altuniya (governor). Raziya with Yaqut marched to suppress, but Yaqut was murdered and Razia imprisoned. In meantime, Bahram (another son of Iltutmish) was pit to throne by Turkish nobles. ♟️Later Raziya while returning back to Delhi was killed on the way. ♟️In 1246, Bulban succeeded in putting Nasiruddin Mahmud, a younger son of Iltutmish as Sultan & served as his Naib (next powerful post to Sultan). ♟️In 1266 Nasiruddin Mahmud died & Balban become Sultan.

🛡️Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1210-1236) ♟️Belonged to Ilbari tribe hence named Ilbari dynasty. ♟️Aibak had appointed him as iqtadar of Gwalior. ♟️Real consolidator of Turkish rule in India and also Delhi. ♟️He Shifted capital from Lahore to Delhi. ♟️Iltmush defeated Quabacha, who had declared himself independent ruler of Multan & seized Lahore & parts of Punjab. ♟️Introduced Arabic coinage into India. Silver tanka became a standard coin in medieval India and also issued Copper jital. ♟️He Started Iqkta system. ♟️Completed the construction of Qutub Minar which was started by Aibak. ♟️Patronized Minas-us Siraj (writer) author of Minaj-us- siraj. ♟️Created a new class of ruling elite of forty powerful military leaders, “The Forty” (Turkan-i-chahalgani).

🛡️ Swaran Singh Committee ♟️In 1976, Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties, the need felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975–1977). ♟️The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the Constitution. ♟️It stressed that the citizens should become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well. ♟️The Congress Government at Centre accepted these recommendations and enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976. ♟️This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution. This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A. ♟️Though Swaran Singh Committee suggested eight Fundamental Duties in the Constitution, the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976) included ten Fundamental Duties.

🛡️ Meaning Of Judicial Activism ♟️Judicial activism denotes the proactive role played by the judiciary in the protection of the rights of citizens and in the promotion of justice in the society. In other words, it implies the assertive role played by the judiciary to force the other two organs of the government (legislature and executive) to discharge their constitutional duties. ♟️Judicial activism is also known as “judicial dynamism”. It is the antithesis of “judicial restraint”, which means the self-control exercised by the judiciary.

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