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Upsc Cse prelims question Is Tejas Mk1 a 5th generation fighter aircraft?

MK1a Mk2 Is a 4.5 generation flight So what are the 5th generation flights ?

Prelims’26 Very important article Tejas

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🛩️ Tejas LCA – Article Synopsis (The Hindu) Title: “Vital Vanguard – Tejas” 1️⃣ Context Recent Dubai Air Show crash (Nov 2024) involving Tejas Mk-1A led to debate on HAL’s capabilities and aircraft safety. Crash resulted in the death of IAF pilot Wing Commander Namnish Syal. 2️⃣ HAL & IAF Stand Firm HAL Chairman and IAF officials assert: Tejas is safe, reliable, and among the safest fighters in its class. The accident appears isolated and does not reflect design flaws. Tejas has the best safety record in the world among contemporary fighters. 3️⃣ Development Journey Conceived to replace MiG-21 fleet. Tejas programme began in early 1980s. First test flight: 2001. First Tejas accident in 23 years: March 2024 (Jaisalmer crash). Long accident-free history strengthened confidence in indigenous programme. 4️⃣ Current Status & Variants Tejas family includes: Mk-1 (initial IAF model), Mk-1A (advanced version with AESA radar, electronic warfare suite, beyond-visual-range missiles, refuelling capability), Mk-2 (under development) with first prototype expected 2026. Production boosted: HAL has 3 production lines (Bengaluru ×2, Nashik ×1). Helps meet domestic + export demand. 5️⃣ Technical Strengths World’s smallest and lightest supersonic fighter in its class. Delta-wing design. Quadruplex digital fly-by-wire system → high stability & maneuverability. Payload: 4,000 kg. Max take-off weight: 13,300 kg. Multi-role: air-to-air, air-to-ground, reconnaissance, anti-ship. IAF currently deploys Tejas with No. 45 Squadron (Flying Daggers) & No. 18 (Flying Bullets) at Sulur. 6️⃣ Tejas Mk-2 Expected to replace Mirage-2000, Jaguar, MiG-29. Will be India’s most capable indigenous fighter upon induction. 7️⃣ Why the Tejas Programme Matters Represents a major technological leap for Indian aviation. Strengthens self-reliance (Aatmanirbhar Bharat) in defence production. Ensures India’s long-term fighter fleet capability. Crash investigation outcome will be crucial, but Tejas remains: Safe Reliable Strategically essential for India’s air combat capability.

Prelims’26 Very important article Tejas

🟦 CLASSICAL LIBERALISM — Topic 2 1️⃣ Core Idea Based on human reason → individuals are rational and know their own good. Humans naturally cooperate when interests align. Focus on individual liberty, limited government, and peaceful cooperation. 🟦 Key Theorists & Their Contributions 🔹 John Locke (1688) – Father of Classical Liberalism Government must rule by consent of the governed. Supports limited government. Primary role of state: protect rights & liberties of citizens. 🔹 Adam Smith (1776) – Economic Liberalism Idea of “economic man” → people maximize self-interest. Leads to overall economic prosperity. Advocated laissez-faire economy (minimum state intervention). Promoted free market thinking. 🔹 Jeremy Bentham – Utilitarian Liberalism Principle: “greatest happiness of the greatest number.” Individuals pursue actions that maximize pleasure, minimize pain. Supported creation of international courts for global justice. Influenced modern institutions like ICJ. 🟦 Classical Liberalism in International Relations 2️⃣ Early 20th Century Liberalism Dominated early IR theory. Saw causes of WW-I in: secret diplomacy elite misperceptions militarism absence of international institutions Wanted IR study to improve world peace. 🟦 Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918) Key Features: Open diplomacy (no secret alliances) Removal of economic barriers → economic interdependence reduces war National self-determination → each state should choose its governance Associations of Nations → states forming organizations to ensure peace This led to League of Nations (1919) 🟦 League of Nations & Collective Security Collective Security Idea: “One for all, and all for one.” Security of each state = concern of all. All join together against aggression. Outcome: Influential in shaping policy but failed due to rise of fascism, Nazism, and US not joining. System collapsed before WW-II.

Political science - Topic 1- Liberalism 🟦 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF LIBERALISM 1️⃣ Faith in Human Reason Humans are rational. Reason helps discover truth and shape society. Based on ideas of John Locke. 2️⃣ Belief in Historical Progress Humanity can improve through learning & reason. Conflict is not inevitable; peace can be achieved by correct political choices. Possibility to reform international relations. 3️⃣ State–Society Linkages Domestic politics influences international politics. Democratic states → more peaceful (Kant’s “Democratic Peace Theory”). Internal regime type affects external behaviour. 4️⃣ Pluralism in International Relations State is not the only actor. MNCs, NGOs, international organisations also shape world politics. Rejects the realist idea of “state as sole actor”. 5️⃣ Preference for Free Trade & Economic Interdependence Influenced by David Ricardo & Richard Cobden. Free trade → prosperity → reduces likelihood of war. Rejects mercantilism (which links wealth with military power). 6️⃣ Importance of International Institutions Institutions protect values like liberty, justice, tolerance. They promote cooperation and reduce conflict. Example: League of Nations after WW-I. 7️⃣ Optimistic View of Human Nature Humans can choose peace over conflict. Cooperation is possible and desirable.

Malinowski vs Radcliffe-Brown ———————————————— 1. Focus Malinowski: Focuses on the individual and their basic needs. Radcliffe-Brown: Focuses on society and its structure, not the individual. 2. Type of Functionalism Malinowski: Biopsychological / Organic Functionalism → Social institutions exist to satisfy individual needs. Radcliffe-Brown: Structural Functionalism → Social institutions exist to maintain the social structure/system. 3. Motivation / Starting Point Malinowski: Starts with individual biological & psychological needs. Radcliffe-Brown: Starts with social relationships and social structure. 4. View of Society Malinowski: Society helps individuals survive and fulfil needs (nutrition, safety, reproduction, movement, comfort). Radcliffe-Brown: Society is like a structure made up of relationships, similar to an organism whose parts must function to keep the system working. 5. Method & Theory Malinowski: Emphasis on fieldwork (participant observation). More empirical and descriptive. Functionalism = how culture satisfies human needs. Radcliffe-Brown: More theoretical and generalising. Emphasis on structure, norms, social roles. Functionalism = how parts contribute to the stability of society. 6. Role of the Individual Malinowski: Individual is central; culture exists because individuals need it. Radcliffe-Brown: Individual is not important; only the social system matters. 7. Function Malinowski: Function = satisfying individual needs. Radcliffe-Brown: Function = contribution to maintaining social structure.

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I am happy to announce that enrollment is now open for Xinsheng’26 Prelims Complete Guidance Program — Test Batch + Mentoring! Course Highlights Two classes per week: Tuesday & Thursday Mode: Online + Offline Flexible Joining: Students can join the batch anytime Recorded classes available for all sessions Course Duration: Till Prelims 2026 Weekly Sunday Offline Test (All offline tests can also be accessed through the MoA website’s app format) Additional Online Chapter-wise Tests for Xinsheng’26 students Direct mentoring until Prelims 2026 And much more… 📞 Enrollment You can directly contact us for joining, or enroll through our website and send the payment slip to our official ID: @moa_official 🌐 Website: https://mindsofaspirants.com/ Test Portal (Prelims Tests): https://prelims.mindsofaspirants.com/ Thank you for your continued support!