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•The correct spelling of a word can be critical in patient care.

•Ch sounds like k. •Ps sounds like s. •Pn sounds like n. •C sounds like a soft s when it comes beforeee. i, and y. •G sounds like j when it comes before e, i, and y. •I sounds like "eye" when added to the end of a word to form a plural.

•There are three areas you must concentrate on when you learn a new word element or medical term: -Pronunciation. -Spelling. -Meaning. •Each of these is essential to the correct use and understanding of medical terminology.

Forming plurals: •In medical terminology,plural words can be confusing. •Unfortunately, the rules are not applied consistently. ••When the word ending with consonants other than s, h, or y, added S, e.g., the pleural of contusion is contusions. •When the word ending with s, ch, sh. e.g., virus viruses. •When the word ending with y. eg, allergy allergies.

Decoding: •READ from the suffix (or last part of the term) backwards, i.e., beginning from the right and moving to the left. ••DEFINE the words parts of the medical term in the following sequence: the last part of the term (suffix), the first part of the term (which may be a prefix, combining form, or root), and then define the middles part of the term (usually word root). •If there are two roots in the term, divide each and then read them from left to right.

•Aer/o=air. •blast/o=embryonic form (Erythroblasts: immature red blood cells). •carcinogenic:any substance or agent that can cause cancer. •cry/o=cold(Cryosurgery utilizes extreme cold temperature to destroy or remove diseased tissue). •crypto/o=hidden (cryptorchidism: undescended or "hidden" testis). •dips/o=thirst(polydipsia: excessive thirst) •myc/o=fungus. •nerc/o=dead(Necropsy or autopsy: the examination of a person who has died). •optometry: concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, prevention of eye, vision problems. •phon/o=voice. •phot/o=light. •py/o=pus(pyogenesis:pus formation). •top/o=position, place (A topical medication is applied to the skin).

alb/o,albin/o,leuk/o(leuc/o)=white (albinism: a genetic disorder resulting in minimal or absence of skin,hair,or eye pigmentation. •chlor/o=green. •cyan/o=blue. •erythema: redness of the skin or mucous membrane. •melanin:a dark brown or black substance that forms a natural part of a person's hair, skin,eyes. •xanth/o=yellow. •anesthetist: is one who adminiters anesthesia. •anesthetist can be a physician or a nurse. •anesthesiologist is a medical doctor or physician. •esthesi/o=feelin, sensation. •ne/o,nat/o=new, birth. •ur/o=urinary tract or urine (urology-urologist). •Adenopathy: the enlargement of the glands. •blephar/o=eyelid. •faci/o=face •pulm/o,pulmon/o,pneum/o,pneumon/o=lungs. •pneumatic:gas or air. •pneumothorax:the accumulation of air or gas in the chest.

Combing: •connecting a word root and a suffix, but not used when connecting a prefix and a word root. •Not used when connecting word roots and suffixes beginning with a vowel (a,e.i.o,u). •there is usually a slash separating the root and the connecting vowel. For example, carcin/o.

كده ال suffixes

Suffixes: •-oma=tumor. •-centesis: surgical puncture to aspirate or remove fluid( Paracentesis: a puncture of the peritoneal cavity to remove fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes). •-pexy: surgical fixation. •-plasty: surgical repair. •herniorraphy: surgical repair of the hernia with suture of the abdominal wall. •-scopy: visual examination with the use of a lighted instrument. •-stomy:creation of an opening. •-tome:an instrument used for cutting. •-tomy: incision (incision into tissue) •tripsy: surgical crushing, breaking,pulverizing(lithotripsy is the surgical crushing of a renal calculus or stone. •-algia,-dynia=pian(vulvodynia:a chronic pain condition affecting a woman's external genitalia. •-cele:hernia(omphalocele is an abdominal wall defect in which the abdominal organs protrude through an opening at the base of the umbilical cord). •-ectasia,-ectasis: dilatation (Telangiectasia: the dilation of the superficial blood vessels). •Angioedema involves the precipitous swelling of the tissue under the skin, usually due to an allergic reaction. •-emesis: vomiting. •-emia: condition of the blood. •-ia,-iasis: condition (Hysteria: a mental disorder attributed to women in the nineteenth century). •-ith:stone or calculus:(Fecalith: a hard mass consisting of feces). •-malacia:soft, softening. •-mania: excessive preoccupation (pyromania: a compulsion to set things on fire). •-oid: resembling (mucoid means similar to mucus). •Lymphoma:a group of blood cancers originating from lymphatic system). •-osis=condition (usually an abnormal condition, occasionally refers to an increase). •psychosis: a group of disorders affecting the mind. •claustrophobia: fear of being in an enclosed space or area. •-ptosis=prolapse (sagging) (Drooping eyelids is ptosis). •Amenorrhea: the absence of menstrual flow. •enterorrhexis: rupture of the bowels •-spasm=cramp, twitching. •-stasis=stopping, controling

•-rrhage/-rrhagia=bleeding, bursting forth, abnormal or excessive flow. •-rrhaphy=surgical suturing to close a wound. •-rrhea=flow or discharge. •-rrhexis=rupture.

Suffixes: •Comprise a fundamental part of medical terms. •Every medical term must have a suffix. •Can modify or alter the meaning or function of a word root. •Can either make the term a noun or an adjective. •Often used to refer to a specialty, disease, condition or a procedure. •Will always follow a hyphen (-suffix). •Two or more suffixes can have the same meaning.

كده ال prefix

•Mono-,uni-=one. •bi-,di-=two. •diplo-=double.(Diplopia means double vision or the perception of two images of a single object.) •tri-=three. •quad-,quadri-,tetra=four. •milli-=one-thousandth. •hemi-,semi=half, partly (Hemiparesis refers to weakness of one entire side of the body). •hypo-=under,less than. •multi-,poly-=many. •nulli-=none(nulliparous: A woman who hasn't given birth). •pan-=all. •primi-=first. •super-,ultra=excessive, above, superior. •hyper-=excessive,more,than normal. •ab-=away from. •ad-=toward. •periorbital edema is swelling around the eyes. •conra-=contralateral الجانب المقابل. •dia-=through. •ecto-,ex-,exo-,extra-=outside, without,away from(ectoderm: the outermost primary germ layer of the embryo). •en-,end-,endo-=inside. •epi-=above,on. hypo-,infr-,sub-=beneath, under. •inter-=between. •intra-=within. •ipsi-=same. •meso-,mid-=middle(mesoderm: The middle tissue layer during embryonic development). •para-=near, beside,or abnormal. •retro-=behind,backward (retrograde:means going back in position or time). •super-,supra-=above,beyond. •sym-,syn-=joined, together (symbiosis: the relationship between two dissimilar organisms). •trans-=across (transference:occurs when one's feeling are unconsciously redirected to another). •anti-,contra=against(contraception: refers to methods or devices that prevent pregnancy. •dys-=bad, difficult. eu-=good, normal. •mal:bad. •pro-=favoring, supporting (probiotics are live microorganisms that are believed to be beneficial to one's health. •ante-,pre-,pro-=before (antemortem means before death),(premature births refer to neonates being born before 37 weeks of gestation). •megaloblasts: abnormally large red blood cells. •megakaryocytes: large blood cells in the bone marrow. •a-,an-=no,not, without(Apathy:lack of or absence of emotion) •analgesia: absence of sensibility to pain. •in-:not or inside (in): indifferent: having no interest. •intubate:means putting a tube inside an airway.

Prefix: •Typically helps to further define a word root and make a medical term more specific. •Alter the term meaning or form a new word •A prefix is a word part that comes before the root or{{{{ combining form}}}} and usually begins the term. •A few prefixes have more than one related meaning. •A few prefixes have more than one related meaning. •Commonly indicate location, position, direction, color, size, time, number, orientation. or exclusion. •Will always precede a hyphen (prefix-).