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*WAEC GCE PHYSICS* (9ai) (i) Sensible heat changes the temperature of a substance without changing its state, while latent heat changes the state of the substance without changing its temperature. (ii) Sensible heat can be measured with a thermometer, but latent heat cannot be directly measured by temperature change. (iii) Sensible heat is associated with heating or cooling, whereas latent heat is involved in phase changes such as melting, boiling, or condensation. (9aii) (i) The Sun (ii) Geothermal energy from the Earth's interior (9aiii) (i) Mercury has a much higher boiling point, so it can measure higher temperatures than alcohol. (ii) Mercury does not wet glass (gives a clear, continuous column and more precise readings) and is highly visible. (9bi) At 0 °C: R₀ = 10 Ω At 100 °C: R₁₀₀ = 110 Ω Linear relationship: R = R₀ + (ΔR/ΔT)·T, where ΔR = 100 Ω over 100 °C --> 1 Ω/°C. For R = 75 Ω: T = (R – R₀) / (ΔR/ΔT) = (75 Ω – 10 Ω) / (1 Ω/°C) = 65°C (9bii) Mass of water, m = 150 g = 0.150 kg Specific heat capacity, c = 4200 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹ Temperature rise, ΔT = 107°C – 60°C = 47K Energy required, Q = mcΔT = 0.150 kg × 4200 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹ × 47 K = 29610J Heater power, P = 60W (Js⁻¹) Time, t = Q/P = 29610/60 = 493.5s Convert to minutes: 493.5 s ÷ 60 s/min = 8.2 minutes (9bii) (i) Both involve the transfer of thermal energy between a body and its surroundings. (ii) Both are influenced by the material’s specific heat capacity (the amount of energy needed to change its temperature).

*WAEC GCE PHYSICS* *NUMBER FIVE* (5) I ∝ (distance)² × mass I ∝ (distance)² × mass The dimensions of: -- distance are L (length) -- mass are M (mass) So, the dimensions of I are: I ∝ L² × M I ∝ ML² Therefore, the dimensions of moment of inertia are ML².

*WAEC GCE PHYSICS* *NUMBER SIX* (6) a = g sin θ = 10 m/s² × sin 30° = 10 m/s² × 0.5 = 5 m/s² 10 = 0 + (1/2) × 5 × t² 10 = 2.5 × t² t² = 10 / 2.5 t² = 4 t = √4 t = 2s

*WAEC-GCE-PHYSICS* (3) An absorption spectrum is a spectrum of light that shows the wavelengths of light absorbed by a substance. When light passes through a medium, such as a gas, liquid, or solid, certain wavelengths are absorbed by the substance, while others are transmitted or reflected.

GOVERNMENT OBJ (TYPE A) 01-10: CDBCCCCBCD 11-20: DBBCADDDDC 21-30: CCADDCCBBD 31-40: DABDABCDAD 41-50: DDCDABBDDB COMPLETED

(x) Clear constitutional supremacy: The operations of the presidential system are based strictly on the constitution, which defines powers, responsibilities, and limitations of each branch. All authorities must act within constitutional boundaries, and any violation can be challenged in court. =========================== (5a) The rule of law is a principle that ensures everyone, including government officials, institutions, and private citizens, is subject to and accountable under the law. It guarantees that laws are applied equally, fairly, and consistently, protecting individuals from arbitrary use of power and upholding justice, order, and legal certainty in society. (5b) (i) Supremacy of the law: No one is above the law, not even political leaders or government authorities. All actions, decisions, and policies must conform to established legal frameworks. This prevents abuse of power and ensures that governance is conducted according to law. (ii) Equality before the law: Every individual, regardless of status, wealth, ethnicity, or position, must be treated equally under the law. Discrimination or favoritism is prohibited, ensuring fairness in legal processes and access to justice. (iii) Accountability of government: Government officials and public servants are accountable for their actions and must operate within legal boundaries. Any breach of law or abuse of power can result in legal sanctions, impeachment, or judicial review. (iv) Legal certainty: Laws must be clear, publicized, and stable to allow citizens to understand their rights and obligations. Predictable and consistent laws enable individuals and organizations to plan their actions confidently without fear of arbitrary interference. (v) Fair and impartial justice: Judicial decisions must be made based on evidence, legal principles, and fairness, free from bias, corruption, or undue influence. Independent courts ensure that justice is accessible to all and that legal disputes are resolved impartially. (vi) Protection of fundamental rights: The rule of law guarantees the protection of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, movement, and property rights. Laws should safeguard citizens from oppression, ensuring that their freedoms are respected and upheld. (vii) Separation of powers: To maintain the rule of law, government powers are divided among the executive, legislature, and judiciary. This prevents any branch from exercising unchecked authority and ensures mutual oversight and balance in governance. (viii) Obedience to the law: Citizens are expected to follow the law, and the law applies equally to everyone. Compliance strengthens social order and reinforces the legitimacy of the legal system. (5c) (i) Inequality in enforcement: Even though the rule of law emphasizes equality, in practice, powerful individuals, government officials, or wealthy citizens may manipulate the legal system to escape justice. Corruption, bribery, and influence can result in selective enforcement, undermining the fairness and effectiveness of the law. (ii) Complexity and inaccessibility of laws: Laws are often written in technical language that ordinary citizens may find difficult to understand. This complexity can prevent people from fully knowing their rights or complying with legal requirements, limiting the practical impact of the rule of law. (iii) Delays and inefficiency in the legal system: Judicial processes can be slow due to bureaucracy, lack of resources, or overloaded courts. Long delays in resolving cases can deny timely justice, making the protection offered by the rule of law less effective and eroding public confidence in legal institutions. (iv) Political interference and lack of independence: In some societies, the judiciary may be influenced by politicians or ruling parties, compromising impartiality. When judges are pressured or threatened, the legal system cannot function independently, weakening the enforcement of laws and limiting the real power of the rule of law. ===========================

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