LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes

*🛡️Council of Ministers in states* ♟️In a Parliamentary form of government, the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister is the executive authority. ♟️The states under the Indian constitution are organised on the pattern as that of the centre. ♟️The Council of Ministers in the state is a replica of the council of Ministers at the centre. ♟️They resemble in formation, function and role in the administration. ♟️The constitution provides a broad and general view of the principles of Parliamentary system of Government in Article 163 and Article 164 . ♟️Council of ministers are there to aid and advise the Governor of the state in various matters.

*🛡️Public Accounts Committee(PAC)* ♟️It is a financial parliamentary committee. ♟️It was set up first in 1921 under Government of India act 1919. ♟️It consists of 22 members (15-Lok Sabha , 7- Rajya Sabha). A minister cannot be its member. ♟️The term of office of the members is one year. The members are elected by the Parliament every  year from amongst its members. ♟️Its chairman is appointed by Speaker of LS. ♟️ *FUNCTION :* To examine the annual audit reports of the CAG. CAG acts as a guide, friend, philosopher of the committee. *♟️Limitations :* It is not concerned with the questions of policy in broader sense. ♟️Its recommendations are advisory and not binding on the ministries. ♟️It conducts a post-mortem examination of accounts.

🛡 *CENTRE-STATE ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS* *Article 256 —* Obligation of states and the Union *Article 257 —* Control of the Union over states in certain cases *Article 257A —* Assistance to States by deployment of armed forces or other forces of the Union (Repealed) *Article 258 —* Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on states in certain cases *Article 258A —* Power of the states to entrust functions to the union. *Article 259 —* Armed Forces in States in Part B of the First Schedule (Repealed) *Article 260 —* Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India

*🛡️Features Of Fundamental Duties* ♟️Some of them are moral duties while others are civic duties. For instance, cherishing noble ideals of freedom struggle is a moral precept and respecting the Constitution, National Flag and National Anthem is a civic duty. ♟️They refer to such values which have been a part of the Indian tradition, mythology, religions and practices. ♟️Fundamental Duties are confined to citizens only and do not extend to foreigners. ♟️Fundamental duties are non-justiciable. The Constitution does not provide for their direct enforcement by the courts.

*🛡️Fast-track Courts* ♟️ *Purpose* Established to address the backlog of criminal cases, especially heinous crimes against women and children. ♟️ *Challenges:* Resource limitations, inefficient investigations, insufficient staff, and limited scope of jurisdiction. ♟️ *Performance* Despite initial increase in functional courts, many states struggle to maintain them due to financial and administrative constraints. ♟️Need for Reform: States must prioritize their operation, ensure necessary resources, improve investigations, and leverage technology. *💎Visual Summary Analysis* ♟️Chart 1: Shows the increasing burden on the judiciary due to the rising number of criminal cases. ♟️Chart 2: Indicates the initial enthusiasm but subsequent decline in the establishment and maintenance of fast-track courts. ♟️Chart 3: Depicts the uneven distribution of functional courts across different states, highlighting the disparity in access to justice.

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📌 *Committee Name -- Establishment Year -- Details* ✍ *Kapur Commission -- 1966* -- The Kapur Commission was a commission of inquiry of Mysore, India, into the murder conspiracy of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. ✍ *Khosla Commission -- 1970* -- To re-investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose ✍ *Mandal Commission -- 1979* -- Mandal Commission was constituted in the year 1979 with the objective of "identification of socially or educationally backward class". This commission was headed by Indian B.P Mandal. ✍ *Mukherjee Commission -- 1959* -- To re-investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose ✍ *Narendran Commission -- 2000* -- Narendran Commission was an inquiry commission appointed by The Government of Kerala, India, in February 2000 to study and report on the adequacy or otherwise of representation for Backward Classes in the State public services. ✍ *National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution -- 2000* -- To suggest changes in electoral laws

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