LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes

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Hello everyone. Praveen Kumar, former Judge, Delhi has started a WhatsApp Channel for all the latest Supreme Court Judgments. Join to keep yourself updated. https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va6jw6r7tkj8TB3xAO1A

Hello everyone, 🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨 *Finally, the day has arrived. The oral hearing of the Review Petition is scheduled for today, 26th February.* 🎊🎊 We will be streaming the live proceedings on our channel. As per the cause list, our matter is likely to be taken up *between 1:30 PM and 2:00 PM.* 🧐🧐 Therefore, please stay connected to the live *stream after 1:00 PM,* as the proceedings may begin at any time. 📢📢📢📢📢 You can watch the pleadings, arguments, and observe how the Hon’ble Supreme Court conducts the hearing and what directions may follow. 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥 *To watch the live proceedings, please click the link and join the channel.* https://www.youtube.com/live/RYfYpbTZLaI?si=Dzksws0wWZ51UTRd *Once the order is pronounced, I will provide a detailed explanation.* Thank you.

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*🛡️Council of Ministers in states* ♟️In a Parliamentary form of government, the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister is the executive authority. ♟️The states under the Indian constitution are organised on the pattern as that of the centre. ♟️The Council of Ministers in the state is a replica of the council of Ministers at the centre. ♟️They resemble in formation, function and role in the administration. ♟️The constitution provides a broad and general view of the principles of Parliamentary system of Government in Article 163 and Article 164 . ♟️Council of ministers are there to aid and advise the Governor of the state in various matters. ♟️In a Parliamentary form of government, the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister is the executive authority. ♟️The states under the Indian constitution are organised on the pattern as that of the centre. ♟️The Council of Ministers in the state is a replica of the council of Ministers at the centre. ♟️They resemble in formation, function and role in the administration. ♟️The constitution provides a broad and general view of the principles of Parliamentary system of Government in Article 163 and Article 164 . ♟️Council of ministers are there to aid and advise the Governor of the state in various matters. *Support our Efforts with your 👍❤️*

*🛡️A Secular State* ♟️The Constitution of India stands for a Secular State. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State. ♟️The following provisions of the Constitution reveal the secular character of the Indian State: ♟️The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. ♟️The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief,Faith and worship. ♟️The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws (Article 14). ♟️The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion (Article 15). ♟️Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public employment (Article 16).

*President* 🔸 The President must be a citizen of India, not less than 35 years of age and qualified for  election as a member of the Lok Sabha. 🔸 His term of office is five years and he is eligible for re-election. 🔸His removal from office is to be in  accordance with procedure prescribed in Article 61 of the Constitution. 🔸 The executive power of the Union is vested in the President and is exercised by him either directly  or through officers’ subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution. 🔸The President summons, prorogues, addresses, sends messages to Parliament and dissolves  the Lok Sabha; promulgates Ordinances at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are  in session.

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*🛡️First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951* *💎Key Additions* *♟️Article 15(4)* Allowed the State to make special provisions for SEBCs, SCs, and STs. *♟️Context* Added after the Champakam Dorairajan Case (1951) invalidated Madras's education reservation policy due to lack of constitutional backing. *💎Article 31A, Article 31B & 9th Schedule* *♟️Purpose* Protected land reform laws from judicial review, ensuring they couldn’t be invalidated for violating Fundamental Rights. *♟️Impact* Addressed challenges to land reforms, laying the foundation for the Basic Structure Doctrine and balancing Rights and Directive Principles. *💎Key Changes* ♟️Article 19(2) & (6): Added grounds to restrict freedom of speech and expression, including Public Order, Friendly Relations with Foreign States, and Incitement to an Offence. *💎Unique Context* ♟️Enacted by the Constituent Assembly, functioning as a provisional Parliament before the first Lok Sabha elections in 1952. *💎Significance* ♟️Strengthened social justice by empowering the State to support marginalized communities. ♟️Facilitated agrarian reforms, ensuring smoother implementation of land redistribution policies. ♟️The First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951 showcased the Constitution's adaptability, setting precedents for balancing rights and directive principles.

*🛡️A Secular State* ♟️The Constitution of India stands for a Secular State. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State. ♟️The following provisions of the Constitution reveal the secular character of the Indian State: ♟️The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. ♟️The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief,Faith and worship. ♟️The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws (Article 14). ♟️The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion (Article 15). ♟️Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public employment (Article 16).