Seenaa Ummata Oromoo

History of Guinea-Bissau Archeology has insufficiently explained the Guinea-Bissau pre-history. In 1000 ACE, there were hunter-gatherers in the area, hundreds of thousands of years after they traversed the rest of Africa. This was shortly followed, in the archaeologic record by agriculturists, using iron tools.[10] Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Kaabu, part of the Mali Empire in the 16th century. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century. Other parts of the territory in the current country were considered by the Portuguese as part of their empire.[11][better source needed] Portuguese Guinea was known as the Slave Coast, as it was a major area for the exportation of African slaves by Europeans to the western hemisphere. Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto's voyage of 1455, the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse,[12] and Diogo Cão. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River and the lands of Bakongo, setting up the foundations of modern Angola, some 4200 km down the African coast from Guinea-Bissau.[13] Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place.[14] African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the ports of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers.[14] For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama.[15] But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal. An armed rebellion, begun in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold on the then Portuguese Guinea.[16] Unlike guerrilla movements in other Portuguese colonies, the PAIGC rapidly extended its military control over large portions of the territory, aided by the jungle-like terrain, its easily reached borderlines with neighbouring allies, and large quantities of arms from Cuba, China, the Soviet Union, and left-leaning African countries.[17] Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts, doctors, and technicians.[18] The PAIGC even managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability in order to defend itself against aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC was in control of many parts of Guinea, although the movement suffered a setback in January 1973 when Cabral was assassinated.[19] Independence (1973) Independence was unilaterally declared on 24 September 1973, which is now celebrated as the country's Independence Day, a public holiday.[20] Recognition became universal following 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal, which overthrew Lisbon's Estado Novo regime.[21] Luís Cabral, brother of Amílcar and co-founder of PAIGC, was appointed the first President of Guinea-Bissau. Following independence, the PAIGC killed thousands of local Guinean soldiers who had fought alongside the Portuguese Army against the guerrillas. Some escaped to settle in Portugal or other African nations.[22] One of the massacres occurred in the town of Bissorã. In 1980 the PAIGC acknowledged in its newspaper Nó Pintcha (dated 29 November 1980) that many Guinean soldiers had been executed and buried in unmarked collective graves in the woods of Cumerá, Portogole, and Mansabá.

Is good

FUULDURA OFII QAJEELCHUU ♠️♠️♠️♠️♠️♠️♠️♠️♠️♠️♠️ "Gufuun guddiina kee olaanaan, dadhabbiina kee kaleessan of takkaluukeedha." **** Heeddun keenya jijjiramu kan dadhabnuu oolmaa keenyaa kaleessa, hanqina keenya kaleessa, Of boonsuu keenya kaleessa irraa kan ka'ee har'a irraa dhaabbannee boruuf jijjiirama fidu dadhabna. Kaleessi guyyaa biraati guyyaa du'ee awwalamee kanaaf nutis turtii kaleessa hojjeenne gaariis haa ta'u hamaa guyyiichumaf dhiisnee darbuu qabna. * Har'ii garuu guyyaa biraati, guyyaa bakka buusaa hin qabnedha. Guyyaa kanaa qofaa keenyaa argannee osoo hin taanee namoota biliyoona 7 ol ta'aan waliinni, garuu turtii fi haallii guyyaa kanaa keessaatti rawwannee dabarruu galmee dhuunfaa keenyaarratti nuuf barreeffama. Kana jechuun guyyaan nuuf kennamu kan waliinii yoo ta'uu turtii nutii guyyatti sanaatti rawwaannuu immoo kan dhuunfaa keenyaati. * Kanaafuu guyyaa har'aa siif laatamuu kaleessan hin madaaliin, dirqama guyyaan sun sirraa barbaaduu jireenya keef buusii darbii. Yeroo har'aa kee akkeekan rawwatuu deemsi kee inni boru immoo siif qajeela

sometimes , crying is the only way your eyes speak when your mouth can't explain how broken your heart is.

BEEKUMSA NAMNI BARE ITTIIN OF BARU! ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ ❍ Addunyaan keessa jirru warra hubatanii, of gumeessanii itti hojjetaniif moo'icha akkuma gonfachiiste, warra hubannoo fi xiyyeeffannoo malee waan tokko qabanii gadhiisanii burjaaja'aniif immoo baraan boo'icha laattee jirti. Nama dhuunfaa ta'ee sabni akkasumas biyyi waan xixiqqoo irra waliif darbee waliin waan gurguddaaf iddoo kennee deemu moo'ee, namaa fi biyya biroo mataa gaadi'ee ittiin qotatu, warri mataan gaadi'amee waan guddaa argee, guddaaf wal kaa'achuu wallaalee waan xiqqaaf wal cabse immoo bara baraan harka warra biraatti humna isaanii gurguranii, haftee jarri kennaniif eegaa jiraatu. ❍ Dhugaan furmaata! Warri dhugaan waliin imale, iddoo gahuu qabu gahee, waan qabachuu qabus qabateetu jiraata. Warri dhugaaf gurra cufate immoo, kubbaa sobni ittiin taphatu ta'anii jiraatu. Kan dhiitamaa oolu kubbaa ta'us, kan weeddifamu immoo warra kubbaa dhiitaa ooledha. Kubbaan madooftee, baqaqxee, tarsaatee, foqoqaa rakkoo argaa ooltus, ijji addunyaa isa dhiitu malee isa dhiitamu irra akka hin jirre hubachuu dandeessu. Namaaf illee dubbiin akkas waan taate fakkaata. Nama dhaananii boo'icha nama dhorku. Dhugaa ofii beekanii, of kabachiisanii jiraachuuf, gulantaa ofii olkaasanii, sammuu ofiin of gahoomsanii jiraachuun beekumsa warri bare ittiin of barudha.

Ethiopia's problem is not limited to one region. Nations & Nationalities in all regions are suffering due to the failed state. Menendez's S. 3199 addresses the broader issues, but @ChrisVanHollen alternative causes more instability! @SenatorMenendez #OromosandS3199

baay'ee gaariidha

Angola independence and political unit Modern Angola was populated predominantly by nomadic Khoi and San prior to the first Bantu migrations. The Khoi and San peoples were neither pastoralists nor cultivators, but rather hunter-gatherers.[11] They were displaced by Bantu peoples arriving from the north in the first millennium BC, most of whom likely originated in what is today northwestern Nigeria and southern Niger.[12] Bantu speakers introduced the cultivation of bananas and taro, as well as large cattle herds, to Angola's central highlands and the Luanda plain. A number of political entities were established; the best-known of these was the Kingdom of the Kongo, based in Angola, which extended northward to what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Gabon. It established trade routes with other city-states and civilisations up and down the coast of southwestern and western Africa and even with Great Zimbabwe and the Mutapa Empire, although it engaged in little or no transoceanic trade.[13] To its south lay the Kingdom of Ndongo, from which the area of the later Portuguese colony was sometimes known as Dongo.[14] Portuguese colonisation Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the area in 1484.[14] The previous year, the Portuguese had established relations with the Kongo, which stretched at the time from modern Gabon in the north to the Kwanza River in the south. The Portuguese established their primary early trading post at Soyo, which is now the northernmost city in Angola apart from the Cabinda exclave. Paulo Dias de Novais founded São Paulo de Loanda (Luanda) in 1575 with a hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers. Benguela was fortified in 1587 and became a township in 1617. The Portuguese established several other settlements, forts and trading posts along the Angolan coast, principally trading in Angolan slaves for plantations. Local slave dealers provided a large number of slaves for the Portuguese Empire,[15] usually in exchange for manufactured goods from Europe.[16][17] This part of the Atlantic slave trade continued until after Brazil's independence in the 1820s.[18] Despite Portugal's territorial claims in Angola, its control over much of the country's vast interior was minimal.[14] In the 16th century Portugal gained control of the coast through a series of treaties and wars. Life for European colonists was difficult and progress slow. John Iliffe notes that "Portuguese records of Angola from the 16th century show that a great famine occurred on average every seventy years; accompanied by epidemic disease, it might kill one-third or one-half of the population, destroying the demographic growth of a generation and forcing colonists back into the river valleys".[19] During the Portuguese Restoration War, the Dutch West India Company occupied the principal settlement of Luanda in 1641, using alliances with local peoples to carry out attacks against Portuguese holdings elsewhere.[18] A fleet under Salvador de Sá retook Luanda in 1648; reconquest of the rest of the territory was completed by 1650. New treaties with the Kongo were signed in 1649; others with Njinga's Kingdom of Matamba and Ndongo followed in 1656. The conquest of Pungo Andongo in 1671 was the last major Portuguese expansion from Luanda, as attempts to invade Kongo in 1670 and Matamba in 1681 failed. Colonial outposts also expanded inward from Benguela, but until the late 19th century the inroads from Luanda and Benguela were very limited.[14] Hamstrung by a series of political upheavals in the early 1800s, Portugal was slow to mount a large scale annexation of Angolan territory.[18] The slave trade was abolished in Angola in 1836, and in 1854 the colonial government freed all its existing slaves.[18] Four years later, a more progressive administration appointed by Lisbon abolished slavery altogether.

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Who’s Amade Liban and Alima? The next parts of the lyrics, which includes quite a bit of recognizable figures as someone aware of Ethiopian history, are where references to history begin. As mentioned in the beginning, the Israelites felt stripped from their identity while in captivity. Hachalu also remembers the historical and systematic dissociation of Wollo Oromos from their identity as well as from the Oromo society as a whole. He then persuades the girl into running away with him in what seems to be an underlying message to the Wollo people to reunite with the Oromo society. Fakkii Amadee Liiban Tokkicha Abbaa Waaxoo Walirraa nu dhiiban Foon tokko anaaf atoo ​You remind me of Amade Liban, The one and only; the fierceless Abba Wato. ​​They tried to separate us; ​​Though we’re one flesh. Inseparable. Amede Liban, also known by his horse name ‘’Waaxoo”(i.e., Abbaa Waaxoo), was the son of Liban Amede (i.e., Amede Liban Amede). Abba Wato is often referred to as “Abba Watew” or “Ab Watew” in Ethiopian historiography. His grandfather, Amede, was an Imam and a local chief of Warra Himano region of Wollo during Zemene Mesafint. It is important to note that Warra Himano was referenced in the previous parts of the lyrics as well. Imam Amede of Warra Himano had four children named Amede, Ali, Bashir, and Alima (later changed her name to Menen). Alima was first married to Dejazmach Alula of Yejju, the eldest son of Ras Gugssa. Ras Gugssa ruled over Gojjam, Wollo Lasta, Begemedir (Gonder), Yejju, with the capital city being Debre Tabor c. 1802 CE during Zemene Mesafint. Alima Amede Liban had a son named Ali Alula with Ras Alula (her first husband) who later became Ras and ruled over Begemedir (Gonder) alongside his mother upon his father’s death (Sil, 2015). His widowed mother, Alima Amede Liban, was remarried to Emperor Yohannis III of the Solomonic dynasty from Gonder, and later changed her name to Menen Amede Liban. Thus, she became the Empress of Ethiopia with a title of Itege claiming legitimacy through her second husband, Emperor Yohannis III. At the time, Gonder was a political center; therefore, whoever controlled the city was seen as the King of Kings and superior to other leaders. Many argue Emperor Yohannis III was symbolic only as his wife, Menen (Alima) Amede Liban, and her son Ras Ali exercised much of the power. When Kinfu, half-brother of Kassa Hailu, died in 1839 CE, the districts of Qwara and Dembiya were seized by Itege Menen (Alima) Amede Liban. This has contributed to Kassa’s rebellion against her and her ruling class of the Yejju Oromo. He mobilized forces around Gojjam, and shortly, became a major threat to her and her husband’s throne; thus, he came to the notice of Ras Ali, and his mother Itege Menen (Alima) Liban Amede (Sil, 2015). As an attempt to bind him and potentially halt his revolt, Itege Menen (Alima) Liban Amede arranged for Kassa to marry her granddaughter, Tawabech Ali Alula Gugssa (Ras Ali’s daughter). Narasingha writes, “as the imperial grandson-in-law, Kassa received the governorship of Qwara with the title of Dejazmach,” after the marriage. This agreement took place in the early 1840’s. However, Kassa’s devotion to the agreement was short-lived. Kassa went on to attack the city of Dembiya and Debre Tabor (his father-in-law’s capital) in 1848 CE by successfully defeating his grandmother-in-law’s forces (Sil, 2015). Furthermore, between 1848–1854 CE, Kassa Hailu defeated Itege Menen (Alima), Ras Ali, and their allies at various battles, finally seizing the imperial throne at the capital city, Gondar. In August 1854 CE, Kassa declared himself Emperor (Atse) Tewodros II of Ethiopia through the blessings of the Orthodox Church. He also sanctified his marriage with Tewabech Ali Alula Gugssa, and his wife became Empress of Ethiopia, Itege Tewabech Ali. This officially ended Zemene Mesafint, a period of Oromo political dominance in the Abyssinian territory (Sil, 2015).

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“it is through stories that we make sense of our lives. storytelling is an essential part of human civilisation, whether being told around a fire five hundred years ago, or being told now in a kindle.” writer chimamanda ngozi adichie. beautiful and twin medical doctors of oromia, celebrating irrecha, largest public gathering in africa. #oromowomen source: oromo country-oromia

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After Tewodros' death, Tekle Giyorgis II was proclaimed Emperor but was defeated in the Battles of Zulawu (21 June 1871) and Adua (11 July 1871). The victorious Mercha Kassai was subsequently declared Yohannes IV on 21 January 1872. In 1875 and 1876, Turkish/Egyptian forces, accompanied by many European and American 'advisors', twice invaded Abyssinia but were initially defeated: once at the Battle of Gundet losing 800 men, and then in the second invasion, decisively defeated by Emperor Yohannes IV at the Battle of Gura on 7 March 1875, where the invading forces lost at least 3000 men by death or captured.[91] From 1885 to 1889, Ethiopia joined the Mahdist War allied to Britain, Turkey, and Egypt against the Sudanese Mahdist State. In 1887 Menelik king of Shewa invaded the Emirate of Harar after his victory at the Battle of Chelenqo.[92] On 10 March 1889, Yohannes IV was killed by the Sudanese Khalifah Abdullah's army whilst leading his army in the Battle of Gallabat (also called Battle of Metemma