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🔰Notes on Wave Optics Huygens Principle:- Wave-front of a wave, at any instant , is defined as the locus of all the particles in the medium which are being disturbed at the same instant of time and are in the same phase of vibration. (a) Each point on a wave front acts as a source of new disturbance and emits its own set of spherical waves called secondary wavelets. The secondary wavelets travel in all directions with the velocity of light so long as they move in the same medium. (b) The envelope or the locus of these wavelets in the forward direction gives the position of new wave front at any subsequent time. Determination of Phase Difference:- The phase difference between two waves at a point will depend upon (a) The difference in path lengths of the two waves from their respective sources. (b) The refractive index of the medium (c) Initial phase difference between the source if any. (d) Reflections, if any, in the path followed by waves. Reflection of plane wave at plane surface (Laws of reflection):- a) The incident ray, the reflected ray and normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence, all lie in one plane and that plane is perpendicular to the reflecting surface. b) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. So, ∠i = ∠r This signifies angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Refraction of light:- Refraction is the phenomena by virtue of which a wave going from one medium to another undergoes a change in velocity. (a) The sine of the angle between the incident ray and the normal bears a constant ratio to the sine of the angle between refracted ray and the normal. sin i/sin r = v1/v2 = 1µ2 = constant Here, v1 and v2 are the velocities of sound in first and second medium respectively.1µ2 is the refractive index of the second medium with respect to first. (b) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the refracting surface lie in the same plane. Interference:- The modification in the distribution of light energy obtained by the superposition of two or more waves is called interference. Principle of superposition:- It states that a number of waves travelling, simultaneously, in a medium behave independent of each other and the net displacement of the particle, at any instant, is equal to the sum of the individual displacements due to all the waves. Displacement equation:- y = R sin 2π/λ (vt+x/2) Amplitude:- R = 2a cos πx/λ Intensity:- I = K4a2 cos2 (πx/λ) [I = KR2] Maxima:- A point having maximum intensity is called maxima. x = 2n (λ/2) A point will be a maxima if the two waves reaching there have a path difference of even multiple of λ/2. Imax = 4Ka2 = 4i (Here, i = Ka2) Minima:- A point having minimum intensity is called a minima. x = (2n+1) (λ/2) A point will be a minima if the two waves reaching there have a path difference of odd multiple of λ/2. Imin = K. 4a2×0 = 0 Condition for constructive interference:- Path difference = (2n)λ/2 Phase difference = (2n)π Condition for destructive interference:- Path difference = (2n+1)λ/2 Phase difference = (2n+1)π Coherent Sources:- Coherent sources are the sources which either have no phase difference or have a constant difference of phase between them. Conditions for interference:- (a) The two sources should emit, continuously, waves of same wavelength or frequency. (b) The amplitudes of the two waves should be either or nearly equal (c) The two sources should be narrow. (d) The sources should be close to each other. (e) The two sources should be coherent one. Young’s double slit experiment:- Path difference, x = yd/D Maxima, y = nλD/d Here, n = 0,1,2,3…. Minima, y = (2n+1) λD/d Here, n = 0,1,2,3…. Fringe Width:- It is the distance between two consecutive bright and dark fringes. β = λD/d Displacement of fringes due to the introduction of a thin transparent medium:- (a) Shift for a particular order of fringes:- ?y = (β/λ) (µ-1)t (b) Shift across a particular point of observation:- µ = (mλ/t) +1 Lloyd’s single mirror:- ?λ = β .2a/D Power of lens:- P = 100/f

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❤️🌸𝘼𝙇𝙇 𝘼𝘽𝙊𝙐𝙏 𝙏𝙄𝙎𝙎𝙐𝙀𝙎🌸❤️ Tissues are categorized as − 🌺Plant Tissue 🌺Animal Tissue ❀❀❀Plant Tissue❀❀❀ Following are the major types of plant tissue − ➖Meristematic Tissues ➖Permanent Tissues 🐾Simple Permanent Tissues🐾 ➖Parenchyma ➖Collenchyma ➖Sclerenchyma ➖Epidermis ❀🌸Complex Permanent Tissue🌸❀ ➖Xylem ➖Phloem ❀❤️Meristematic Tissue❤️❀ ➖Meristematic tissue mainly consists of actively dividing cells, and helps in increasing the length and thickening the stems of the plant. ➖Meristematic tissue, commonly, present in the primary growth regions of a plant, for example, in the tips of stems or roots. ➖Depending on the region (where the meristematic tissues are found); meristematic tissues are classified as apical, lateral, and intercalary (see the image given below). ➖Apical meristem (as shown in the above image) is present at the growing tips of stems and roots and helps in their growth. ➖Lateral Meristem is found in stem or root region and helps in their growth. ➖Intercalary meristem is found at the base of the leaves or internodes (on twigs) and helps in growth. 💛Permanent Tissue Cells of meristematic tissue later differentiate to form different types of permanent tissue. 💎Permanent Tissue is further categorized as − ➖Simple Permanent Tissue and ➖Complex Permanent Tissue 🥀Simple Permanent Tissue Simple Permanent Tissue further categorized as − ➖Parenchyma ➖Collenchyma ➖Sclerenchyma ➖Epidermis 🌼Parenchyma tissue provides support to plants and also stores food. 🌸Sometimes, parenchyma tissue contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis, in such a condition, it is known as collenchyma. 🌼The collenchyma tissue provides flexibility to plant and also provides mechanical support (to plant). 🌸The large air cavities, which are present in parenchyma of aquatic plants, give buoyancy to the plants and also help them float, are known as aerenchyma. 🌼The Sclerenchyma tissue makes the plant hard and stiff. For example, the husk of a coconut is made up of sclerenchymatous tissue. 🌸The cells of Sclerenchyma tissue normally are dead. 🌼The outermost layer of cells is known as epidermis. 🌸The epidermis is usually made up of a single layer of cells. 🌼The entire surface of a plant has the outer covering of epidermis, which protects all the parts of the plant. 🌻Complex Permanent Tissue The complex tissue, normally, consists of more than one type of cells which work together as a unit. 🌺Complex tissues help in the transportation by carrying organic material, water, and minerals up and down in the plants. 🍃Complex Permanent Tissue is categorized as; ➖Xylem ➖Phloem 🌺Xylem, normally, consists of tracheid, vessels, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibers. 🌼Xylem is accountable for the conduction of water and mineral ions/salt. 🌸Phloem, normally, is made up of four types of elements namely − ➖Sieve tubes ➖Companion cells ➖Phloem fibers and ➖Phloem parenchyma 🌸Phloem tissue transports food from leaves to other parts of the plant.

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❤️ DIRECT QUIZ LINKS:- ❤️ PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY QUIZ LIST:- (part 2) { Based on 33 years PYQs } [ Part 3 list comes on 02/10/21] ⭐️Note :- Just tap on the chapter's name & quiz will begin directly in your quizbot CHEMISTRY QUIZ LIST:- Class 11 Chemistry Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Structure of Atom Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure States of Matter Thermodynamics Equilibrium Redox Reactions Hydrogen The s-Block Elements The p-Block Elements Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles & Techniques Hydrocarbons Environmental Chemistry Class 12 Chemistry :- The Solid State Solutions Electrochemistry Chemical Kinetics Surface Chemistry General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements The p-Block Elements(full unit) The d & f Block Elements Coordination Compounds Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Amines Biomolecules Polymers Chemistry in Everyday Life PHYSICS QUIZ LIST :- Class 11 Physics Physical world Units and dimensions Motion in a straight line Motion in a plane Kinematics Laws of motion Work, energy and power System of particles and Rotational motion Gravitation Mechanical properties of solids Mechanical properties of fluids Thermal properties of matter Thermodynamics Kinetic theory of gases Oscillation Waves Class 12 Physics Electric Charges and Fields Electrostatics Potential and Capacitance Current electricity Moving Charges and magnetism Magnetic and matters Electromagnetic induction Alternating current Electromagnetic waves Ray optics and optical instrument Wave optics Dual nature and radiation Atoms Nuclei Semiconductor

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