Surgical notes

#باطنة

Pseudomembranous colitis occurs when certain bacteria, usually C. difficile Clostridium difficile is the most common nosocomial pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract. Disease is usually a consequence of antibiotic therapy. All antibiotics, except parenteral aminoglycosides, sulfonamides and vancomycin, can induce pseudomembranous colitis. The worst offenders are clindamycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin and the cephalosporins.  Oral metronidazole 250 to 500 mg four times a day is the recommended first-line therapy; vancomycin (125 mg four times a day) should be reserved for patients who cannot tolerate metronidazole, who do not respond to this drug, or who should not take it for various reasons (i.e., pregnancy). #باطنة

🛑First-line beta-lactam agents for P. aeruginosa coverage include :- ● beta-lactam/beta-lactamase-inhibitor combinations (BL/BLI) (piperacillin-tazobactam and ticarcillin-clavulanate) and cephalosporins with antipseudomonal activity (ceftazidime, cefepime, and cefoperazone). Cefepime is the most commonly used beta-lactam antibiotic for P. aeruginosa  ● Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) remain currently the only oral treatment options for quinolone-sensitive P. aeruginosa. However, ciprofloxacin is superior to levofloxacin. #باطنة

Pseudomonas infection can be treated with a combination of an antipseudomonal beta-lactam (eg, penicillin or cephalosporin) and an aminoglycoside. Carbapenems (eg, imipenem, meropenem) with antipseudomonal quinolones may be used in conjunction with an aminoglycoside.

Through traditional sputum cultures, the most common bacteria detected in patients with stable bronchiectasis are P. aeruginosa and H. influenzae. #باطنة

The most common organisms cultured in COPD from both sputum and bronchoscopic samples are consistently :- ● Haemophilus influenza, ● Streptococcus pneumonia, ● Moraxella catarrhalis #باطنة

Clinical classification of Pulmonary Hypertension #باطنة

Overview of Antibiotics ✔️

Linezolid can be considered as the first member of the class of oxazolidinone antibiotics. Linezolid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics.

NOAC New oral Anticoagulants 🥺 #باطنة

Salbutamol, also known as albuterol and sold under the brand name Ventolin among others, is a medication that opens up the medium and large airways in the lungs. It is a short-acting β₂ adrenergic receptor agonist that causes relaxation of airway smooth muscle VENTOLIN HFA is a prescription inhaled medicine used to treat or prevent bronchospasm in people aged 4 years and older with reversible obstructive airway disease. 

This product is used to treat and prevent symptoms (wheezing and shortness of breath) caused by ongoing lung disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-COPD, which includes bronchitis and emphysema). This product contains 2 medications: ipratropium and albuterol (also known as salbutamol).

هذا التطبيق فخم فيه كثير من الحسابات والسكورات الي الواحد يحتاجها

Indications of LTOT " long term Oxygen therapy " #باطنة

هذه قناة الدكتور ابراهيم الصبري ، بيكون فيها شرح لمواضيع تهم الطبيب العام وطبيب الامتياز ولسا بيقول يا هادي ورحلة الالف ميل تبدأ بخطوه وهذه اول خطوه ان شاء الله. ومنتظرين جمال طرحك في مواضيع جايه ان شاء الله ✨💙

على اعتبار ان ال DKA يكون فيها Blood glucose عادة مرتفع اكثر من 250. هنا اقل ولكن بوجود اعراض ال Acidosis شديدة

Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA) is an uncommon diabetic complication associated with several risk factors such as fasting, surgery, pregnancy, and now the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. EDKA is primarily related to an imbalance between insulin and counter-regulatory hormones, with an elevated glucagon/insulin ratio. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA, EDKA) is a clinical syndrome occurring both in type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus characterized by euglycemia (blood glucose less than 250 mg/dL) in the presence of severe metabolic acidosis (arterial pH less than 7.3, serum bicarbonate less than 18 mEq/L) and ketonemia. DKA is one of the most severe and life-threatening complications of diabetes mellitus and can be seen in a variety of conditions. However, the incidence of EDKA has grown with the introduction of sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.