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Liver The liver is the main detoxifying organ of the body, especially for nitrogenous wastes. The cells of the liver play host to biochemical processes that create ammonia from amino acids. Since ammonia is extremely toxic, it is quickly converted to urea before being transported in the blood towards the kidney. Most animals make the choice between ammonia, urea, and uric acid as the preferred mode for nitrogenous waste excretion, based on the availability of water. While ammonia is toxic, it can be quickly diluted and removed from the body with ample water, and therefore remains the chemical used by aquatic animals. Terrestrial animals with regular access to water tend to use urea, which has lower toxicity . Birds and other animals that have minimal water intake expend energy to convert urea into uric acid, which needs a minimum amount of water to store safely until excretion.

Urinary Bladder The urinary bladder is a sac-like structure with muscular walls that holds urine until it is expelled from the body during micturition. The bladder receives urine through two ureters – one from each kidney –that enter through openings called ureteric orifices. These orifices are located at the convex fundus of the organ. Urine exits the bladder through the urethra . The walls of the bladder are made of smooth muscular and the inner epithelial lining of this organ consists of a remarkable tissues called transition epithelium . The cells of this stratified tissue change shape based on whether the bladder is empty or full, allowing it to remain elastic, accommodating up to half a liter of urine.

Kidney The kidneys are paired, bean-shaped organs located in the abdomen , on either side of the spine, under the diaphragm. They are made of a large number of structural and functional subunits called nephron . These nephrons perform the primary task of filtering blood and removing waste products. Each nephron snakes between the outer cortex of the kidney and the inner medulla, with different activities occurring at each site.

The primary excretory organs in the human body are the kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder, involved with the creation and expulsion of urine. Through these organs, much of the nitrogenous waste of the body, especially urea, is expelled. Other organs such as the liver, large intestine and skin are also necessary for the excretion of specific metabolic wastes.

It regulates the fluid balance of the body, maintaining adequate salt and water levels. When there is excess water, it is removed through the production of hypotonic urine. When we consume salty food or lose water through perspection , the concentration of urine is increased to preserve the osmolarity of body fluids.

When the excretory system is not functioning, bad things can happen. A build-up of urea within the blood can lead to a debilitating toxic shock. In other animals, the excretory system can include a number of other components. For example, sea turtles have excretory organs near their eyes which remove large amounts of salt from their bodies. This allows them to drink salt water to maintain their water balance.

The excretory system has other functions beyond removing waste products from the body. It is also crucial maintaining internal homeostasis . Parts of the excretory system are also influenced by other body systems , such as the muscular system and skeletal system . For example, the kidneys secrete a hormone which tells the bones to produce more red blood cells.

Study the diagram carefully 🙏

Overview The excretory system in humans consists mainly of the kidneys and bladder. The kidneys filter urea and other waste products from the blood, which are then added to the urine within the bladder. Other organs, such as the liver, process toxins but put their wastes back into the blood. It is up to the kidneys to filter the blood so that toxic substances do not accumulate. These organs can be seen in the image below.

Excretory System Definition The excretory system consists of organs which remove metabolic wastes and toxins from the body. In humans, this includes the removal of urea from the bloodstream and other wastes produced by the body. The removal of urea happens in the kidneys, while solid wastes are expelled from the large intestine.

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2022 WASSCE CORE-MATHEMATICS TRIAL QUESTIONS POWERED BY MR Emma FOR MORE AND DITO DITO QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS JOIN https://t.me/BEASTEXAMS 1. Three candidates K, L and M were voted into office as school prefects. K secured 45% of the votes, L had 33% of the votes and M had the rest of the votes. If M secured 1,430 votes, Calculate, a) The total number of votes cast; b) How many more votes K received than 2: a) Using ruler and a pair of compasses only, construct triangle ABC in which │AB│ = 8cm, │BC│= 9cm and angle ABC = 75o b) Measure angle BAC 3(a) Kofi bought six books and ten pencils from a store. Ama bought three books and twenty-two pencils of the same kind from that store. If each of them paid Ȼ17,000.00 for the items, find the cost of i. each pencil ii. each book iii. two books and four pencils (b) Find the truth set of 3x + 8/x = 10, x 0 4: A boy 1.5 m tall is standing 12 m away from a church building which has a tower on top of its roof. The top of the cross on the tower is 14.6 m away from the boy’s head(eyes). If the boy has to raise his eyes through an angle of 31° in order to see the top of the roof, calculate, a) correct to the nearest degree, the angle through which the boy must raise his eyes to see the top of the cross on the tower. b) correct to one decimal place, the height of the top of the cross from ground: c) correct to one decimal place the height of the church building. 5: (a) Using a scale of 2 cm to 2 units on both axes, draw on a graph sheet two perpendicular axes OX and OY for the intervals -10 ≤ x ≤ 10 and -10 ≤ y ≤ 10 (b) Draw,, labeling all vertices and indicating the coordinates clearly, i) ΔPQR with coordinates P(2, 0), Q(8, -4) and R (8, 0); ii) the image ΔP1Q1R1 of ΔPQR under a reflection in the line y = 2 where P→P1, Q→Q1 and R→R1 iii) the image ΔP2Q2R2 of ΔPQR under a rotation through 90o about the origin, where P→P2, Q→Q2 and R→R2 iv) the image ΔP3Q3R3 of ΔPQR under a rotation through 180o about the origin, where P→P3, Q→Q3 and R→R3 (c) What single transformation maps ΔP3Q3R3 on ΔP2Q2R2 ? 6. a) If x5 = 1024 find the value of x b) Given that log107 = 0.8451 and log103 = 0.47771, find without using calculator log10 (9/7) find without 7: a) (3.46)2 - (1.54)2 = 10x, find the value of x. b) Find the truth set of the equation 5x2 = (x+2)(x+3) Solution (3.46)² - (1.54)² = 10x (3.46+1.54) (3.46-1.54) = 10x 5.00 (1.92) = 10x x = = 0.96 b) 5x² = (x+2)(x+3) = x²+5x+6 4x²-5x-6=0 4x²-8x+3x-6=0 4x(x-2)+3(x-2) = 0 (4x+3)(x-2) = 0 4x+3=0 or x-2 = 0 x=-¾ or x = 2 {x:x= -¾, 2} 8: a) A chord PQ of a circle of radius 5 cm subtends an angle of 70° at the centre, O. Find correct to 3 significant figures, i. the length of the chord PQ; ii. the length of the arc PQ; iii. the area of the sector POQ; iv. the area of the minor segment cut off by PQ. b) A right circus cone has base radius 5 cm and height 12 cm. Calculate i. its volume; ii. its total surface area 9: a) Solve the equation 42x × 16x+1 = 64 b) R varies inversely as the cube of S. If R = 9 when S = 3 , find S when R = 243/64 10: a) Copy and complete the following tables for values of the relation y = 4 + 5x -2x2 for – 3 ≤ x ≤ 5 b) Using 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 5 units on the y-axis, draw the graph of y = 4 + 5x – 2x2 for -3 ≤ x ≤ 5 c) From your graph, find the i. value of x for which y is maximum ii. gradient at x = 0 iii. values of x for which 1+ 5x - 2x2 = 0 X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 y -14 4 7 -21 10: a) Draw a table of multiplication ⊗ in modulo 8 on the set (2,3,5,7) b) Use your table to find the solution set of i. 3 ⊗ n = 5 ii. n ⊗ n = 1 c) The set P =(-2, -1, 0, 1, 2) maps onto Q by the function f(x) = x2 – 2, where x ∈ P. i. Find the elements of Q ii. Draw a diagram showing the mapping between P and Q.

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Note: You could have written a balanced equation using multiples of the coefficients. For example, if you double all of the coefficients, you still have a balanced equation: 8 Fe + 6 O2 → 4 Fe2O3 However, chemists always write the simplest equation, so check your work to make sure you can't reduce your coefficients. This is how you balance a simple chemical equation for mass. You may also need to balance equations for both mass and charge. Also, you may need to indicate the state of matter(solid, liquid, aqueous, gas) of reactants and products. Balance Equation with the state of matter(plus examples)