UPSC Mains Notes

*🛡️Climate Change Performance Index* *♟️Launched* at COP30 - Belem,Brazil *♟️Published by:* Germanwatch, New Climate Institute,Climate Action Network International *♟️Purpose:* Tracks climate mitigation progress of the world’s largest emitters *♟️Key Indicators -* GHG Emissions, Renewable Energy, Energy Use, Climate Policy *♟️Coverage:* 63 countries + European Union (account for >90% of global GHG emissions) *♟️Top Performers -* Denmark (3rd), United Kingdom(4th), Morocco(5th) *♟️Note:* No country occupies the top three positions because none is fully Paris-compatible. ♟️INDIA ranks 23rd, Sharp fall of 13 places (10th to 23rd). -Moves from High to Medium Performer.

*🛡️Climate Change Performance Index* *♟️Launched* at COP30 - Belem,Brazil *♟️Published by:* Germanwatch, New Climate Institute,Climate Action Network International *♟️Purpose:* Tracks climate mitigation progress of the world’s largest emitters *♟️Key Indicators -* GHG Emissions, Renewable Energy, Energy Use, Climate Policy *♟️Coverage:* 63 countries + European Union (account for >90% of global GHG emissions) *♟️Top Performers -* Denmark (3rd), United Kingdom(4th), Morocco(5th) *♟️Note:* No country occupies the top three positions because none is fully Paris-compatible. ♟️INDIA ranks 23rd, Sharp fall of 13 places (10th to 23rd). -Moves from High to Medium Performer.

*🛡️Sixth Schedule* ♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution. *💎Advantages* ♟️Democratic devolution of powers ♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region ♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land ♟️Enhance transfer of funds *💎Issues* ♟️Limited geographical coverage ♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption ♟️Financial dependency over state authority ♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers ♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega. ♟️Lack of codification of customary laws ♟️Lack of skilled professionals. ♟️Creation of elected village councils ♟️Regular election by state election commission ♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws ♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.

*🛡️Mahi River* ♟️The Mahi basin extends over states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat having total area of 34,842 Sq km. ♟️It is bounded by Aravalli hills on the north and the north-west, by Malwa Plateau on the east, by the Vindhyas on the south and by the Gulf of Khambhat on the west. ♟️Mahi is one of the major interstate west flowing rivers of India. ♟️It originates from the northern slopes of Vindhyas at an altitude of 500 m in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh. ♟️The total length of Mahi is 583 km. ♟️It drains into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat. ♟️The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to 63.63% of the total area ♟️Hydro Power stations are located in Mahi Bajaj Sagar dam and at Kadana Dam. ♟️Vadodara is the only important urban centre in the basin. There are not many industries in the basin. ♟️Some of the industries are cotton textile, paper, newsprint, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Most of these industries are located at Tatlam.

*🛡️Sangam Age:- Key Highlights* *💎Titles of Sangam Dynasties* *♟️Chola* – Senni, Valavan, Killi ♟️ *Pandya* – Thennavar, Minavar, Panchavar *♟️Cheras* – Vanavar, Villavar, Kuttavar *💎Village Administration* *♟️Manram* – Village assemblies managing local affairs *♟️Urs* – Town *♟️Perur* – Large villages *♟️Sirur* – Small villages *💎Trade & Ports (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea)* *♟️Noura* – Kannur *♟️Tyndis* – Ponnani *♟️Muziris* – Kodungallur *♟️Nelcynda* – Kottayam *♟️Colchi* – Korkai *♟️Camara* – Kaveripattanam *♟️Poduka/Arikamedu* – Pondicherry *💎Major Trade & Industry* *♟️Madurai & Uraiyur* – Important textile centers *♟️Korkai* – Center for pearl trade *💎Land Classification by Fertility* *♟️Marudam* – Most fertile land *♟️Menpulam* – Fertile land *♟️Pinpulam* – Dry land *♟️Vanpulam* – Hard land *♟️Kalaṇilam/Uvanilam* – Salty land *💎Market System* *♟️Angadi* – The market *♟️Nalangadi* – Morning bazaar *♟️Allangadi* – Evening bazaar *💎Society & Culture* *♟️Occupational Castes* – Panar, Eyinar, Pulaiyar *♟️Devarinda* – Term for a group of five gods: Murugan, Shiva, Krishna, Balarama, and Indra *♟️Karikala* – Known as the Master of 7 notes of music *♟️Utharamerur Inscription* – Provides insights into local self-government under the Cholas.

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🛡️ *AD HOC JUDGE* ♟️When there is a lack of quorum of the permanent judges to hold or continue any session of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice of India can appoint a judge of a High Court as an ad hoc judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period. ♟️He can do so only after consultation with the chief justice of the High Court concerned and with the previous consent of the president. ♟️The judge so appointed should be qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court. ♟️It is the duty of the judge so appointed to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court, in priority to other duties of his office. While so attending, he enjoys all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges (and discharges the duties) of a judge of the Supreme Court.

🛡️ Major Environmental Institutes ♟️National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) —Nagpur, Maharashtra ♟️Central Avian Research Institute —Izzatnagar, Barreilly ♟️Largest museum in India —Chennai, Tamil Nadu ♟️Largest fish aquarium in India —Mumbai, Maharashtra ♟️Largest Zoo in India —Alipur, Kolkata. best study channel-study for civil services ♟️Largest bird park in India —Bharatpur, Rajasthan ♟️Largest Zoo in the World —Kruger National Park

🌍 International Year of Cooperatives 2025* 🤝🇮🇳 A Year of Cooperative Empowerment & Expansion 🌟 *Key Highlights* 🌟 🏛️ *8.5+ lakh* cooperatives registered | *6.6 lakh* functional 👥 *32 crore* members across *30 sectors* | 👩 *10 crore* women linked via SHGs 💻 *79k + PACS* sanctioned for computerisation 🐄🐟🌾 *32,009* new multipurpose, dairy & fisheries cooperatives 🚢 *National Cooperative Exports Limited (NCEL):* *13.77 LMT* exports worth *₹5,556 crore* to *28 countries* 🌱 *National Cooperative Organic Limited (NCOL):* *10,035* cooperatives | *28* organic products 🌾 *Bharatiya Beej Sahakari Samiti Limited (BBSSL):* *31,605* member cooperatives 📈 *National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)*: 💸 *₹95,000* *crore* (FY 2025–26 so far) 🚕 *Sahakar Taxi:* *1.5 lakh +* drivers registered, *2 lakh* users (trial) ✨ Cooperatives strengthening prosperity & self-reliance-together!.