UPSC Mains Notes

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*🛡️Some important dispute* ♟️Kuril islands dispute (Japan and Russia) ♟️Senakaku islands dispute (Japan and China) ♟️Liancourt Rocks dispute (Japan and Korea - S&N) Prelims 2025

*🛡️Dead Sea* *♟️Location:-* Tri-junction of Israel, West Bank and Jordan. ♟️It’s essentially a salt lake. ♟️Very high saline density (which is why people float on it) ♟️Halite found all around it is a type of salt. Prelims 2025

*💎Blue Carbon* ♟️CO2 stored in coastal and marine ecosystems. Example: Mangroves. ♟️Coastal ecosystems: only 2% of ocean surface but account for 50% of ocean carbon sequestration. It also has lot more capacity than the terrestrial forests in this regard. ♟️Note: Bio-mass burning results in Brown Carbon. Prelims 2025

*🛡️The Great Pacific Garbage Patch* ♟️Outcome of North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. ♟️Note the currents in the main gyre too along with the fact that Hawaii is right in the middle of it. ♟️This topic is literally also a ‘convergence’ between env. and geo. *Prelims 2025*

*🛡️Bioaccumulation:-* ♟️Increase in pollutant concentration in one organism over a life-time. ♟️Biomagnification: Increase in pollutant concentration throughout the food chain. ♟️Please note: Bisphenol A (BPA) is related to plastic pollution. *Prelims 2025*

*🛡️On Fibre Optic Cables* ♟️Principle of Total Internal Reflection of Light ♟️Lower the refractive index of the cable, faster is the transmission of data ♟️Note - Core of the fibre has a higher refractive index than the cladding *Prelims 2025*

*🛡️Lithium-ion Battery* ♟️Lithium-ion battery is both a voltaic and electrolytic cell 🇮🇳Voltaic cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy (usage) ♟️Electrolytic cell converts electrical energy into chemical energy (charging). *Prelims 2025*

*🛡️Millet* ♟️India is the world’s largest producer of millets ♟️Within India, Rajasthan is the largest producer ♟️Among millet crops, Bajra (pearl millet) is the highest in production in India. *Prelims 2025*

♟️Karaivetti bird sanctuary - Tamilnadu ♟️Longwood Shola Forest - Tamilnadu ♟️Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve - Karnataka ♟️Aganashini - Karnataka ♟️Magadi Conservation Reserve - Karnataka *Prelims 2025*

*🛡️HIGHEST MANGROVE cover with States/ UT🇮🇳* ♟️1. West Bengal ♟️2. Gujarat ♟️3. A and N ♟️4. Andhra Pradesh ♟️5. Maharashtra *Prelims 2025*