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👉🏻Habitat:- 🔹The total area of STR is undulating, with steep escarpments along the western boundary. 🔹The most distinct feature of the Tiger Reserve is the presence of numerous barren rocky and lateritic plateaus, locally called “Sadas”, with less perennial vegetation and overhanging cliffs on the edges, along with numerous fallen boulders with dense thorny bushes. 🔹STR is the only place where climax and near-climax vegetation are plentiful and prospects of adverse anthropogenic influence in the future are minimal. 👉🏻Flora:- 🔹The forest cover here is that of moist evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist, and dry deciduous vegetation. 🔹There are many medicinal and fruit-bearing trees along with the commercial hard wood trees in the reserve. 👉🏻Fauna:- 🔹The main carnivores are the tiger, leopard, and some Lesser Cats along with the wolf, jackal, and wild dog. 🔹The large herbivores are several deer species like Barking Deer, Sambar, and other large and small animals like Indian Bison, Sloth Bear, Mouse Deer, Giant Indian Squirrel and Macaque.

📍Sahyadri Tiger Reserve 👉🏻Overview:- The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) recently gave approval to reintroduce eight tigers into the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR) in Maharashtra. 👉🏻Location:- 🔹It is located in the Sahyadri Ranges of the Western Ghats in Maharashtra. 🔹The reserve spreads over Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary, forming the northern portion, and Chandoli National Park, forming the southern part of the reserve. 🔹STR was created by merging the areas of these two forests in 2007. 🔹The region of the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve includes the area around the Koyna Dam, the Warna River, and many other small rivers and streams originating from the Western Ghats and flowing to the east.

🔅Flora: Kala Dhok or Kaladhi (Anogeissus pendula) is the predominant species, along with Khair, Ber, Kakan, Raunj, etc. On higher slopes, Anogeissus pendula is replaced by Anogeissus latifolia, along with Bel, Salar, Uum, and Shisham. 🔅Fauna: The important fauna includes Leopard, Sloth bear, Nilgai, Chinkara, Spotted Deer, Small Indian Civet, Toddy Cat, Jackal, Hyena, Jungle Cat, Common Langur, etc. The common reptiles and amphibians are Pythons, Rat Snake, Buff-striped keelbacks, Green keelback, crocodiles, Gharial, Otter, and Turtles.

📍Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve 👉🏻Location: Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve, popularly known as Darrah Wildlife Sanctuary, is spread across 4 districts – Bundi, Kota, Jhalawar, and Chittorgarh in Rajasthan. 👉🏻The park is situated in a valley formed by two parallel mountains,Mukundra and Gargola. 👉🏻The tiger reserve was constituted in the year 2013 which encompasses the area of Mukandra National Park, Dara Sanctuary, Jawahar Sagar Sanctuary, and part of Chambal Sanctuary. 👉🏻It was once a hunting preserve belonging to the Maharaja of Kota. 🔅River: It is located on theeastern bank of the Chambal River and is drained by its tributaries. 🔅Vegetation: Dry Deciduous Forest

🎯Key Facts about Koshi River:- 👉🏻The Koshi River, also known as the "Saptakoshi" in Nepal, is a trans-boundary river that flows through India and Nepal. 👉🏻It is the largest river basin in Nepal. 👉🏻It is one of the biggest tributaries of the Ganga. 👉🏻Course::- It originates from the Tibetan Plateau, crosses the Himalayas, and flows through the Mahabharat range and Siwalik hills, reaching the plains of eastern Nepal and finally meeting the Ganges in India. 🔹The overall length of the river is 729 km (453 miles). 🔹The Kosi river valley is bounded by steep margins that disconnect it from the Yarlung Zangbo River to the north, the Mahananda River to the east, the Gandaki to the west and the Ganga to the south. 👉🏻Tributaries:- Indrawati, Sun Koshi, Tama Koshi, Likhu, Dudh Koshi, Arun, and Tamor are the major seven tributaries of the Koshi river system.These seven tributaries meet at Triveni, from where it is called Sapta-Koshi. 👉🏻Over the last 250 years, the Kosi River has changed its course. It has an unstable nature due to heavy silt. 👉🏻The Koshi River, often dubbed the 'Sorrow of Bihar,' inflicts devastating floods and substantial damage each year. Join @upsc_map