UPSC MAP

The Ganga River System

Indus River System, showing the main river and its major tributaries along with their lengths (within India where applicable) and origin points: River Length (in India) Total Length (Approx.) Origin Joins Indus 1,114 km 3,180 km Lake Mansarovar, Tibet Arabian Sea Jhelum ~725 km ~725 km Verinag, Jammu & Kashmir Chenab Chenab ~960 km ~1,200 km Bara Lacha Pass, Himachal Pradesh Indus Ravi ~720 km ~720 km Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh Chenab (in Pak) Beas ~470 km ~470 km Beas Kund, Himachal Pradesh Sutlej Sutlej ~1,050 km ~1,450 km Rakshastal Lake, Tibet Indus Notes: All these rivers are part of the Indus Basin, flowing mainly through northern India and Pakistan. The Indus Waters Treaty (1960) allocates eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India and western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) primarily to Pakistan.

Nile River (Africa) Location: Flows northward from its primary source at Lake Victoria through countries like Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt, and empties into the Mediterranean Sea. Length: ~6,650 km (longest river in the world). Key Tributaries: White Nile, Blue Nile, Atbara River. Geographical Significance: The Nile supported the growth of ancient Egyptian civilization and continues to be vital for agriculture and drinking water in the region.

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Great Dividing Range – • Location: Eastern Australia – stretches from Queensland through New South Wales to Victoria. • Length: ~3,500 km. • Highest Peak: Mount Kosciuszko (2,228 m) • Geological Nature: Formed mainly through faulting and uplifting, not by tectonic plate collision. • Climatic Impact: Separates coastal areas from the inland regions of Australia. • Ecological Role: Source of many rivers, including the Murray and Darling Rivers, crucial for Australian agriculture.

• Climatic Influence: Impacts weather patterns in Europe (e.g., Föhn winds); acts as a barrier to moist air masses. • Biodiversity: Rich alpine flora and fauna; includes protected areas like the Swiss National Park. • Economic Importance:  – Tourism: Major ski resorts (e.g., Zermatt, Chamonix), hiking, mountaineering.  – Agriculture: Dairy farming (notably cheese like Emmental), vineyards (especially in southern slopes).  – Hydroelectricity: Alpine rivers used extensively for renewable energy.  – Transport Corridors: Includes major tunnels like Gotthard Base Tunnel (world’s longest rail tunnel). • Strategic Importance: Acts as a natural defense; historically influenced European warfare and trade routes. • Environmental Concerns:  – Glacier retreat due to global warming.  – Pressure from mass tourism, urbanization, and habitat loss

Alps • Location: Europe (France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Liechtenstein). Acts as a climatic divide between Western and Central Europe. • Length: ~1,200 km, stretching from the Mediterranean coastline of southeastern France to Slovenia. • Highest Peak: Mont Blanc (4,808 m) on the border between France and Italy; among the highest in Western Europe. • Geological Formation: Fold mountains formed during the Alpine orogeny (Tertiary period), due to collision between the African and Eurasian plates. • Glaciation: Hosts major glaciers (e.g., Aletsch Glacier, the largest in the Alps); vital for perennial river systems like the Rhine, Rhône, and Po.

C). Indian Ocean Warm Currents: 1. Agulhas Current – Warm 2. South Equatorial Current – Warm 3. Equatorial Counter Current – Warm 4. Somali Current (reverses with monsoon; warm during summer) 5. Mozambique Current – Warm Cold Currents: 1. West Australian Current – Cold 2. Antarctic Circumpolar Current – Cold D). Southern Ocean (around Antarctica) 1. Antarctic Circumpolar Current (West Wind Drift) – Cold 2. East Wind Drift – Cold E). Arctic Ocean 1. East Greenland Current – Cold 2. Norwegian Current – Warm Importance of Ocean Currents – Climate Regulation: Transport warm and cold water across latitudes, moderating global temperatures. Marine Life: Cold currents bring nutrient-rich waters supporting high marine biodiversity. Weather Patterns: Influence rainfall, drought, and storm systems (e.g., monsoons, hurricanes). Navigation & Trade: Historically used for sailing routes; modern shipping still considers them. Fisheries: Upwelling zones (like Peru and Benguela Currents) are among the richest fishing grounds.

Major Ocean Currents and their nature 1). Pacific Ocean Warm Currents: 1. Kuroshio Current (Japan Current) – Warm 2. North Equatorial Current – Warm 3. South Equatorial Current – Warm 4. East Australian Current – Warm 5. Equatorial Counter Current – Warm 6. Alaskan Current – Warm Cold Currents: 1. Oyashio Current – Cold 2. California Current – Cold 3. Peru Current (Humboldt Current) – Cold 4. West Wind Drift (part of Antarctic Circumpolar Current) – Cold 2). Atlantic Ocean Warm Currents: 1. Gulf Stream – Warm 2. North Atlantic Drift – Warm 3. Brazil Current – Warm 4. North Equatorial Current – Warm 5. South Equatorial Current – Warm 6. Canary Current (southern branch is mildly warm) – Transitioning 7. Equatorial Counter Current – Warm Cold Currents: 1. Canary Current (northern branch) – Cold 2. Benguela Current – Cold 3. Labrador Current – Cold 4. West Greenland Current – Cold 5. Antarctic Circumpolar Current – Cold

Major seaports of India: Western Coast: 1. Deendayal Port (Kandla Port), Gujarat 2. Mumbai Port (Mumbai Port Trust), Maharashtra 3. Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNPT), Maharashtra 4. Mormugao Port, Goa 5. New Mangalore Port, Karnataka 6. Cochin Port, Kerala Eastern Coast: 7. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port (Kolkata Port), West Bengal 8. Paradip Port, Odisha 9. Visakhapatnam Port, Andhra Pradesh 10. Chennai Port, Tamil Nadu 11. Kamarajar Port (Ennore Port), Tamil Nadu 12. V.O. Chidambarnar Port (Tuticorin Port), Tamil Nadu

📍Biosphere reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal or marine ecosystems or its amalgamation. The biosphere reserve network was launched in 1971 by UNESCO, two years after the initiation of MAB- Man and the biosphere program. The Government of India established 18 biospheres in the country 📍 Distribution of the Biosphere Reserves across the World are as follows: 👉 85 sites in 31 countries in Africa 👉 33 sites in 12 countries in the Arab States 👉 157 sites in 24 countries in Asia and the Pacific 👉 302 sites in 38 countries in Europe and North America 👉 130 sites in 21 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. 📍Functions of a Biosphere Reserve Each biosphere reserve is supposed to fulfill three harmonizing functions: 1. Conservation function: to conserve genetic resources, species, ecosystems, and landscapes 2. Development function: to promote sustainable human and economic development. 3. Logistic support function: to provide support for research and ana

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Mountain Peaks

Major tribes