Infinity-Science

Uranus is the coldest planet in our solar system, and gives off less heat than it absorbs from the Sun.

ANSWER: D. Uranus

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xies. Galaxy mergers in today’s universe are rare. Only about five percent of nearby galaxies are currently involved in interactions. Interactions were much more common billions of years ago and helped build up the “more mature” galaxies we see in our time. Clearly, interactions of galaxies have played a crucial role in their evolution. @LAQMC

WHY GALAXIES COLLIDE BUT STARS RARELY DO The reason is that stars are pitifully small compared to the distances between them. Let’s use our Sun as an example. The Sun is about 1.4 million kilometers wide, but is separated from the closest other star by about 4 light-years, or about 38 trillion kilometers. In other words, the Sun is 27 million of its own diameters from its nearest neighbor. If the Sun were a grapefruit in New York City, the nearest star would be another grapefruit in San Francisco. This is typical of stars that are not in the nuclear bulge of a galaxy or inside star clusters. Let’s contrast this with the separation of galaxies. The visible disk of the Milky Way is about 100,000 light-years in diameter. We have three satellite galaxies that are just one or two Milky Way diameters away from us (and will probably someday collide with us). The closest major spiral is the Andromeda Galaxy (M31), about 2.4 million light-years away. If the Milky Way were a pancake at one end of a big breakfast table, M31 would be another pancake at the other end of the same table. Our nearest large galaxy neighbor is only 24 of our Galaxy’s diameters from us, and it will begin to crash into the Milky Way in about 3 billion years. Galaxies in rich clusters are even closer together than those in our neighborhood. Thus, the chances of galaxies colliding are far greater than the chances of stars in the disk of a galaxy colliding. And we should note that the difference between the separation of galaxies and stars also means that when galaxies do collide, their stars almost always pass right by each other like smoke passing through a screen door. The details of galaxy collisions are complex, and the process can take hundreds of millions of years. Thus, collisions are best simulated on a computer , where astronomers can calculate the slow interactions of stars, and clouds of gas and dust, via gravity. These calculations show that if the collision is slow, the colliding galaxies may coalesce to form a single galaxy. When two galaxies of equal size are involved in a collision, we call such an interaction a merger (the term applied in the business world to two equal companies that join forces). But small galaxies can also be swallowed by larger ones—a process astronomers have called, with some relish, galactic cannibalism. These “monster” galaxies frequently possess more than one nucleus and have probably acquired their unusually high luminosities by swallowing nearby galaxies. The multiple nuclei are the remnants of their victims . Many of the large, peculiar galaxies that we observe also owe their chaotic shapes to past interactions. Slow collisions and mergers can even transform two or more spiral galaxies into a single elliptical galaxy. A change in shape is not all that happens when galaxies collide. If either galaxy contains interstellar matter, the collision can compress the gas and trigger an increase in the rate at which stars are being formed—by as much as a factor of 100. Astronomers call this abrupt increase in the number of stars being formed a starburst, and the galaxies in which the increase occurs are termed starburst galaxies . In some interacting galaxies, star formation is so intense that all the available gas is exhausted in only a few million years; the burst of star formation is clearly only a temporary phenomenon. While a starburst is going on, however, the galaxy where it is taking place becomes much brighter and much easier to detect at large distances. When astronomers finally had the tools to examine a significant number of galaxies that emitted their light 11 to 12 billion years ago, they found that these very young galaxies often resemble nearby starburst galaxies that are involved in mergers: they also have multiple nuclei and peculiar shapes, they are usually clumpier than normal galaxies today, with multiple intense knots and lumps of bright starlight, and they have higher rates of star formation than isolated galaxies. They also contain lots of blue, young, type O and B stars, as do nearby merging gala

A comet's tail is made as it near the Sun and begin to melt. A vast plume of gas million of kilometres across is blown out behind by the Solar wind. The tail is what you see, shining as the sun light catches it.

The brightest stars in the sky are not actually stars, but the planets Venus, Jupiter, Mars and Mercury.

The most distant galaxies have a red shift so big that they must be moving away from us at speed approaching the speed of light.

There is a strange looking storm on Saturn's north pole called the Hexagon, with six straight sides 13,800 kilometres long, winds speed of 200 miles per hour, and it is as wide as two Earths. Saturn's south pole has a giant storm in the shape of an eye.

A white dwarf is a term in astronomy used to describe the last stage in the life cycle of a (massive) star like our sun. This last stage in life of star occurs when stars sheds its outer atmosphere, leaving the glowing, gradually cooling, core as a white dwarf. For our sun this process will begin about 5 billion years in the future.

Each galaxy consists of stars and Stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and dark matter. Dark matter accounts for around 90% of the mass of most galaxies.

To save fuel on journey to distant planet, space probes may use a nearby planet's gravity to catapult them on their way. This is called slight shot.

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The Earth is rotating on its axis at a rate of 460 meters per second at the equator, and is orbiting the sun at a rate of about 30 kilometres per second. The sun is orbiting the center of the Milky way at a rate of about 220 kilometres per second. The Milky way is moving at a speed of about 1000 kilometres per second toward a region of space 150 light years away called the Great Attractor.

The nearest white dwarf to Earth is so called Sirius B at a distance of about 8.5 light years.