UPSC CSE Notes

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🎯 PSIR OPTIONAL – COMPREHENSIVE YEAR-LONG TEST SERIES ORIENTATION PROGRAM 📅 Date: 05 August 2026 ⏰ Time: 5:00 PM ✨ Key Features: ✅ Comprehensive syllabus coverage ✅ 20 Sectional Tests + 2 Full-Length Tests ✅ Online & Offline Mode ✅ One-to-One Personalised Mentoring ✅ Focused Discussions on Important Topics 📍 Venue: Kamaraj IAS Academy Plot No. AP.127, AF Block, 6th Street, 11th Main Road, Shanthi Colony, Anna Nagar, Chennai – 600040. 📞 Contact: 98403 94477 🌐 Website: www.kamarajiasacademy.com Join us and begin your PSIR preparation with the right guidance, consistent evaluation and personalised mentoring!

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🎯 PSIR OPTIONAL – COMPREHENSIVE YEAR-LONG TEST SERIES ORIENTATION PROGRAM 📅 Date: 05 August 2026 ⏰ Time: 5:00 PM ✨ Key Features: ✅ Comprehensive syllabus coverage ✅ 20 Sectional Tests + 2 Full-Length Tests ✅ Online & Offline Mode ✅ One-to-One Personalised Mentoring ✅ Focused Discussions on Important Topics 📍 Venue: Kamaraj IAS Academy Plot No. AP.127, AF Block, 6th Street, 11th Main Road, Shanthi Colony, Anna Nagar, Chennai – 600040. 📞 Contact: 98403 94477 🌐 Website: www.kamarajiasacademy.com Join us and begin your PSIR preparation with the right guidance, consistent evaluation and personalised mentoring!

1 Question: Write Daily @ 10 am

🛡 *Increasing order of formation of banking institutions :-* Trick :- Man by doing AGRICULTURE built a HOUSE, then an INDUSTRY and remaining money he invested IN SECURITY MARKET. NABARD : agriculture 1982. NHB : house1988. SIDBI : industry 1990. SEBI : securities market 1992.

*🌏SEA OF AZOV* 📍 Why in News? ✅ Ukraine has reportedly struck five ships allegedly carrying illegal cargo in the Sea of Azov, highlighting its strategic importance in the Russia–Ukraine conflict. 📍 Location ✅ Located in Eastern Europe ✅ Bordered by Russia (east) and Ukraine (north and west) ✅ Crimean Peninsula lies to its west ✅ Connected to the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait 📍 Connectivity ✅ Linked to the Atlantic Ocean via: Black Sea → Sea of Marmara → Aegean Sea → Mediterranean Sea → Atlantic Ocean 📍 Key Features ✅ Shallowest sea in the world ✅ Average depth: 7 metres (23 feet) ✅ Characterised by low salinity due to heavy freshwater inflow 📍 Major Rivers ✅ Don River ✅ Kuban River ➡️ These rivers significantly reduce the sea’s salinity. 📍 Important Geographical Feature ✅ Arabat Spit – a 113 km-long sandbar, one of the longest in Europe 📍 Major Ports ✅ Ukraine: Mariupol, Berdyansk ✅ Russia: Yeysk, Taganrog 📍 Strategic Importance ✅ Acts as a crucial maritime route for trade and energy transport ✅ Supports fisheries and regional commerce ✅ Holds significant geopolitical and military importance due to its connection with the Black Sea and proximity to conflict zones 🎯 UPSC Prelims Fact: The Sea of Azov is the world’s shallowest sea and is connected to the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait.

🛡️ *Tribal Art in India* Diverse array of expressions reflecting lives, beliefs, and customs. 💎 *Example:* ♟️ *Warli Art (Maharashtra)-* Simple geometric shapes depicting harmony with nature. ♟️ *Gond Art (Central India)-* Vibrant hues, intricate patterns, rich mythology. ♟️ *Madhubani Painting (Bihar)-* Intricate motifs, bold colors, scenes from mythology. ♟️ *Pattachitra Art (Odisha)-* Mythological narratives on cloth or palm leaves. ♟️ *Santhal Art (Eastern India)-* Earthy tones, tribal motifs using natural materials. ♟️ *Saura Painting (Odisha)-* Vibrant colors, geometric patterns, depicting deities and myths. ♟️ *Bhil Art (Rajasthan & Madhya Pradesh)-* Folkore, rituals, nature, animals, deities. ♟️ *Phad Painting (Rajasthan)-* Stories of deities, heroes, and legends on large scrolls. ♟️ *Pithora Painting (Gujarat & Madhya Pradesh)-* Ritualistic art for blessings. ♟️ *Toda Embroidery (Tamil Nadu)-* Geometric patterns using natural materials.

*🛡️Ethics in Action: The Manjunath Shanmugam Story* ♟️ *Man of Integrity* ♟️Manjunath Shanmugam, a sales officer at Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), stood firm against corruption by exposing and preventing the sale of adulterated fuel. ♟️His courageous actions to shut down a corrupt petrol station in Lakhimpur Kheri, Uttar Pradesh ultimately led to his tragic murder. ♟️ *Legacy and Inspiration* ♟️His sacrifice has inspired students across India, including those from IIM, IIT, and other institutions, to fight against corruption and stand up for ethical governance. ♟️The students at IIM set up the Manjunath Shanmugam Trust, initially to fight for justice in his case, with the long-term vision of improving governance in public life. ♟️ *Ethical Takeaway* ♟️Integrity and courage in the face of adversity are core ethical values. ♟️The Manjunath Shanmugam Trust exemplifies how individual action can spark a broader societal movement toward accountability and transparency in governance.

“Empowerment of women leads to the development of a good family, good society and, ultimately, a good nation. When the woman is happy, the home is happy. When the home is happy, the society is happy, and when the society is happy, the state is happy, and when the state is happy, there will be peace in the country, and it will develop at a greater pace.” *APJ Abdul Kalam* He highlights the vital role of women's empowerment in creating a harmonious and prosperous society. *Empowering women leads to:* ⭐Good family: Women's empowerment strengthens family bonds and creates a nurturing environment. ⭐Good society: Empowered women contribute to a more compassionate, equitable, and just society. ⭐Good nation: A society with empowered women leads to a more prosperous, peaceful, and developed nation. *The ripple effect of a happy woman:* ⭐Happy home: A woman's happiness creates a positive and supportive family environment. ⭐Happy society: A happy home contributes to a harmonious and thriving society. ⭐Happy state: A happy society leads to a stable and prosperous nation. ⭐Peace and development: A happy nation enjoys peace and rapid development. ⭐Kalam's quote emphasizes the significance of women's empowerment in building a better world. By empowering women, we create a positive impact on families, societies, and nations, ultimately leading to peace and prosperity.

*🛡️Branches of Biology* *♟️Apiculture* – Study of beekeeping. *♟️Sericulture* – Study of silkworm rearing. *♟️Pisciculture* – Study of fish farming. *♟️Horticulture* – Study of garden cultivation. *♟️Floriculture* – Cultivation of flowers. *♟️Mycology* – Study of fungi. *♟️Phycology* – Study of algae. *♟️Anthrology* – Study of flowers. *♟️Ichthyology* – Study of fishes. *♟️Ophiology* – Study of snakes. *♟️Sauralogy* – Study of lizards. *♟️Entomology* – Study of insects. *♟️Ornithology* – Study of birds. *♟️Serology* – Study of blood serum. *♟️Osteology* – Study of bones. *♟️Oncology* – Study related to cancer. *♟️Parasitology* – Study of parasitic organisms. *♟️Conchology* – Study of mollusk shells.

*🛡️Retired Judge* ♟️At any time, the chief justice of India can request a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired judge of a high court (who is duly qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court) to act as a judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period. ♟️He can do so only with the previous consent of the president and also of the person to be so appointed. ♟️Such a judge is entitled to such allowances as the president may determine. ♟️He will also enjoy all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a judge of Supreme Court. But, he will not otherwise be deemed to be a judge of the Supreme Court.