Mathematics Optional

#River_India PENISULAR RIVER SYSTEM ▪️ The Penisular rivers are much older than Himalayan Rivers. ▪️ Penisular Rivers are Non - Perennial Rivers. ▪️ Rivers have reached their Mature stage and have almost reached the Base level. ▪️ Characterised by Broad and shallow valleys. ▪️ Water divide in Penisular rivers forms by Western ghats. ▪️ Velocity and load carrying capacity is low due to Low gradient. ▪️ East flowing rivers make deltas at their mouth while West flowing rivers make Estuaries.

There are 4 types of genetic diseases 1⃣ Single Gene - Disorders caused by abnormality or mutation in the sequence of one gene. 2⃣ Multifactorial - Caused by a combination of environmental factors as well as mutations in multiple genes. 3⃣ Chromosomal - Abnormalities in chromosome structure such has missing or extra copies 4⃣ Mitochondrial - Caused by a mutation in non-chromosomal DNA of mitochondria

42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. Those DPSPs are: 1⃣ Article 39 - To secure opportunities for healthy development of children. 2⃣ Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor. 3⃣ Article 43A - To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries 4⃣ Article 48A - To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life.

• The work on the strategic 14.5 km long Zojila tunnel, an all-weather connection between the Kashmir valley and the Ladakh region - is going on at a rapid pace and over 40 per cent of the drilling has been completed, • It will pass under the Zojila Pass in the Himalayas between Ganderbal in Kashmir and Drass town in Kargil district of Ladakh. • Z-Morh Tunnel is a part of the Zojila tunnel project. • Z-Morh tunnel, which connects Gagangir with Sonamarg and provides all-weather connectivity to the resort in the Ganderbal district of central Kashmir, will be inaugurated in October this year.

Asia's Longest Zozila Tunnel Project

Clean Plant program ✅With the demand for foreign planting materials of fruits like apples, avocados and blueberries rising over the years, the Central government plans to set up 10 ‘Clean Plant Centres’  ✅Objective: To boost domestic production of the selected fruit crops ✅Services offered: disease diagnostic, therapeutics, multiplying of plants and generation of mother plants ✅Need for ‘Clean plant program’: Currently, it is difficult to get disease-free and genuine planting materials for horticultural crops in India. ✅Also, the process of importing plants is very cumbersome, as the imported plants must be kept in quarantine for two years. ✅Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare ✅Implementing agency: National Horticulture Board (NHB) ✅Funding: 100% be Central government ✅It will be set up under the ‘Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Program’ (announced in Budget 2023-24)