UPSC GEOGRAPHY

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■ MAGNETIC FIELD OF OTHER SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS #Magneticfield ◇ Mercury - Mercury's magnetic field is approximately a magnetic dipole (meaning the field has two poles) and is just 1.1% that of Earth's magnetic field. It’s proximity to the sun makes it next to impossible to sustain an atmosphere. ◇ Mars - Mars does not have an intrinsic global magnetic field, but the solar wind directly interacts with the atmosphere of Mars, leading to the formation of a magnetosphere. The lack of a significant magnetosphere is thought to be one reason for Mars's thin atmosphere. ◇ Venus - Venus lacks a magnetic field. Its ionosphere separates the atmosphere from outer space and the solar wind. In spite of the absence of a magnetic field, Venus’s atmosphere is one of the densest among the terrestrial planets. ◇ Jupiter - Jupiter has the largest magnetic field and a thick atmosphere. ◇ Saturn - Saturn's magnetosphere is the second largest of any planet in the Solar System after Jupiter. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ VAN ALLEN RADIATION BELT #Magneticfield ◇ A Van Allen radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles, most of which originate from the solar wind, that are captured by and held around a planet by that planet's magnetic field. ◇ There are two such concentric tire-shaped regions. The inner belt is 1–2 Earth radii out while the outer belt is at 4–7 Earth radii. ◇ By trapping the solar wind, the belts deflect the energetic particles and protect the atmosphere. ◇ The belts endanger satellites, which must have their sensitive components protected with adequate shielding if they spend significant time near that zone. ◇ Spacecraft travelling beyond low Earth orbit enter the zone of radiation of the Van Allen belts. Beyond the belts, they face additional hazards from cosmic rays and solar particle events. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ AURORAS #Magneticfield ◇ Aurora is the name given to the luminous glow in the upper atmosphere of the Earth which is produced by charged particles (solar wind) descending from the planet's magnetosphere. ◇ Positive ions slowly drift westward, and negative ions drift eastward, giving rise to a ring current. This current reduces the magnetic field at the Earth's surface. ◇ Some of these particles penetrate the ionosphere and collide with the atoms there. ◇ This results in an excitation of the oxygen and nitrogen molecular electrons. The molecules get back to their original state by emitting photons of light which are the aurorae. ◇ The charged particles follow magnetic field lines which are oriented in and out of our planet and its atmosphere near the magnetic poles. Therefore, aurorae mostly are seen to occur at high latitudes. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ PLASMASPHERE #Magneticfield ◇ Inside the magnetosphere is the plasmasphere, a region containing low-energy charged particles. ◇ This region begins at the height of 60 km, extends up to 3 or 4 Earth radii, and includes the ionosphere. ◇ This region rotates with the Earth. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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