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◇ A feature almost similar to doline in appearance but with shallow depth and larger areal extent is called solution pan.
◇ Sometimes, the floor of dolines is plugged due to deposition of clay, with the result water cannot percolate downward and thus doline is filled with water. Such dolines full of water are called karst lakes.
◇ Rock walled steep depressions caused by the collapse of ground surface are called cockpits.
◇ Karst windows formed due to collapse of upper surface of sink holes or dolines. These windows enable the investigators to observe sub-surface drainage and other features formed below the ground surface.
◇ Extensive depressions are called uvalas which are upto one kilometre across. They are formed in a number of ways e.g.
• due to coalescence of several dolines due to continuous solution and enlargement of dolines,
• due to collapse of upper roof of large cavities formed underground,
• due to coalescence of various sink holes etc. Elongated uvalas are formed either due to (i) the elongated pattern of joints or (ii) due to coalescence of numerous sink holes aligned in a line. Smaller uvalas are called jamas.
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■ SOLUTION HOLES AND ASSOCIATED FEATURES
#Physiography #Karstlandforms
◇ Chemically active rainwater (charged with atmospheric carbon dioxide) dissolves limestones and other carbonate rocks along their joints and thus numerous types of solution holes (e.g. sink holes, dolines etc.) are developed at the ground surface when limestones are directly exposed to the atmospheric processes.
◇ Smaller holes are called sink holes.
◇ Gradual enlargement of sink holes due to continuous Area dissolution of limestones results in the coalescence of closely spaced sink holes into one large hole which is called swallow hole.
◇ Some swallow holes are further enlarged due to continuous solution into larger depressions which are called dolines in the Karst Region and dolinas in Serbia.
◇ The solution holes enlarged due to collapse of some portion of upper surface because of formation of cavities below the ground surface are called collapse sinks.
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