UPSC GEOGRAPHY

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■ SEISMIC WAVES. #interiorofearth ◇ Seismic: relating to earthquakes or other vibrations of the earth and its crust. ◇ Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large human-made explosions. ◇ The refraction or reflection of seismic waves is used for research into the structure of the Earth's interior. ◇ The terms seismic waves and earthquake waves are often used interchangeably. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ SOURCES OF EARTH’S HEAT [PART 2] #interiorofearth 2. Primordial heat ◇ Heat left over from Earth's formation known as the primordial heat. ◇ Primordial heat is the kinetic energy transferred to Earth by external impacts of comets and meteorites and the subsequent effects (friction caused by sinking of heavy elements like Fe, rising light elements like Si) and latent heat of crystallisation released as the core solidified. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ SOURCES OF EARTH’S HEAT [PART 1] #interiorofearth 1. Radioactive decay ◇ The high temperature below the crust is attributed to the disintegration of the radioactive substances. ◇ The nuclear decay happens primarily in the crust and the mantle. ◇ Scientists believe that uranium could become sufficiently concentrated at the base of Earth’s mantle to ignite self-sustained nuclear fission, as in a human-made reactor. ◇ The new measurements suggest radioactive decay provides more than half of Earth's total heat. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ SOURCES OF EARTH’S HEAT [PART 1] #interiorofearth 1. Radioactive decay ◇ The high temperature below the crust is attributed to the disintegration of the radioactive substances. ◇ The nuclear decay happens primarily in the crust and the mantle. ◇ Scientists believe that uranium could become sufficiently concentrated at the base of Earth’s mantle to ignite self-sustained nuclear fission, as in a human-made reactor. ◇ The new measurements suggest radioactive decay provides more than half of Earth's total heat. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ PULSES #Agriculture ◇ Pulses are legume crops which increase the natural fertility of soils through nitrogen fixation. ◇ Further, they are also rich sources of protein. Gram and tur are the main pulses cultivated in India. ◇ India is the leading producer of pulses and accounts for about one-fifth of total production of pulses in the world. ◇ Madhya Pradesh is the leading producer of pulses followed by Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka. • Gram: Gram is a rainfed crop cultivated during rabi season in central, western, and northwestern parts of the country. At present, gram covers only about 2.8% of the total cropped area in the country. • Black Gram (Urad): Urad can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crops. • Green Gram (Moong): Moong can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crops. • Tur: Tur is the second most important pulse crop in the country. It is also known as red gram or pigeon pea. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ PULSES #Agriculture ◇ Pulses are legume crops which increase the natural fertility of soils through nitrogen fixation. ◇ Further, they are also rich sources of protein. Gram and tur are the main pulses cultivated in India. ◇ India is the leading producer of pulses and accounts for about one-fifth of total production of pulses in the world. ◇ Madhya Pradesh is the leading producer of pulses followed by Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka. • Gram: Gram is a rainfed crop cultivated during rabi season in central, western, and northwestern parts of the country. At present, gram covers only about 2.8% of the total cropped area in the country. • Black Gram (Urad): Urad can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crops. • Green Gram (Moong): Moong can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crops. • Tur: Tur is the second most important pulse crop in the country. It is also known as red gram or pigeon pea. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

■ MAIZE #Agriculture ◇ Maize is a food as well as fodder crop sown under semi-arid climatic conditions and over inferior soils. ◇ This crop occupies only about 3.6% of the total cropped area. ◇ It can be used for the production of starch. Maize has oil extracts that can be converted to ethanol or biodiesel. Alcoholic beverages can also be produced using maize. ◇ The U.S.A is the largest producer of maize in the world and contributes nearly 35% of the total production in the world. ◇ In India, maize is the third most important food crop after rice and wheat and its production is likely to be 2.23 MT (2012-13) mainly during kharif season. ◇ The prominent maize growing states are Andhra Pradesh (20.9%), Karnataka (16.5%), Rajasthan (9.9%), Maharashtra (9.1%), and Bihar (8.9%). ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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