UPSC GEOGRAPHY

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■ HOW ARE EARTHQUAKE WAVES PRODUCED ? #interiorofearth ◇ The abrupt release of energy along a fault (sharp break in the crustal layer) causes earthquake waves. Rock layers along a fault tend to move in opposite directions due to the force excreted on them but are held in place by counteracting frictional force exerted by the overlying rock strata. ◇ The pressure on the rock layers builds up over a period and overcomes the frictional force resulting in a sudden movement generating shockwaves (seismic waves) that travel in all directions. ◇ The point where the energy is released is called the focus or the hypocentre of an earthquake. The point on the surface directly above the focus is called epicentre. An instrument called ‘seismograph’ records the waves reaching the surface. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ HOW ARE EARTHQUAKE WAVES PRODUCED ? #interiorofearth ◇ The abrupt release of energy along a fault (sharp break in the crustal layer) causes earthquake waves. Rock layers along a fault tend to move in opposite directions due to the force excreted on them but are held in place by counteracting frictional force exerted by the overlying rock strata. ◇ The pressure on the rock layers builds up over a period and overcomes the frictional force resulting in a sudden movement generating shockwaves (seismic waves) that travel in all directions. ◇ The point where the energy is released is called the focus or the hypocentre of an earthquake. The point on the surface directly above the focus is called epicentre. An instrument called ‘seismograph’ records the waves reaching the surface. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ SEISMIC WAVES. #interiorofearth ◇ Seismic: relating to earthquakes or other vibrations of the earth and its crust. ◇ Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large human-made explosions. ◇ The refraction or reflection of seismic waves is used for research into the structure of the Earth's interior. ◇ The terms seismic waves and earthquake waves are often used interchangeably. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ SEISMIC WAVES. #interiorofearth ◇ Seismic: relating to earthquakes or other vibrations of the earth and its crust. ◇ Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large human-made explosions. ◇ The refraction or reflection of seismic waves is used for research into the structure of the Earth's interior. ◇ The terms seismic waves and earthquake waves are often used interchangeably. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ SOURCES OF EARTH’S HEAT [PART 2] #interiorofearth 2. Primordial heat ◇ Heat left over from Earth's formation known as the primordial heat. ◇ Primordial heat is the kinetic energy transferred to Earth by external impacts of comets and meteorites and the subsequent effects (friction caused by sinking of heavy elements like Fe, rising light elements like Si) and latent heat of crystallisation released as the core solidified. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ SOURCES OF EARTH’S HEAT [PART 1] #interiorofearth 1. Radioactive decay ◇ The high temperature below the crust is attributed to the disintegration of the radioactive substances. ◇ The nuclear decay happens primarily in the crust and the mantle. ◇ Scientists believe that uranium could become sufficiently concentrated at the base of Earth’s mantle to ignite self-sustained nuclear fission, as in a human-made reactor. ◇ The new measurements suggest radioactive decay provides more than half of Earth's total heat. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE INTERIOR. [ PART 2] #interiorofearth INDIRECT SOURCES. □ Seismic waves ◇ They are the most important source available to understand the layered structure of the earth. ◇ The velocity of seismic waves changes as they travel through materials with different elasticity and density. □ Meteorites ◇ Meteorites and Earth are born from the same nebular cloud. Thus, they are likely to have a similar internal structure. □ Gravitation ◇ The gravitation force (g) is not the same at different latitudes on the surface. It is greater near the poles and less at the equator. ◇ This is because of the distance from the centre at the equator being greater than that at the poles. ◇ The gravity values also differ according to the mass of material. □ Magnetic field ◇ The geodynamo effect helps scientists understand what's happening inside the Earth's core. ◇ Shifts in the magnetic field also provide clues to the inaccessible iron core. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes