UPSC GEOGRAPHY

■ IRON ORE #Economicgeography #Minerals Following four varieties :- □ Hematite ◇ This is the best quality of iron ore with about 70% metallic content and occurs as massive, hard compact and bumpy ore having reddish or coral red colour. □ Magnetite ◇ Aka – Black ore - due to Blackish colour. ◇ Second best ore next to haemetite with metallic content varying from 60 to 70 percent. ◇ Magnetite ores have magnetic quality as a result of which they are known as Magnetite ores. □ Limonite ◇ Inferior ores, yellowish in colour – contain 40 to 60% iron metal. □ Siderite ◇ Also known as iron carbonate this type of ore is inferior quality and contains less than 40% iron. ◇ Contains many impurities and its mining is not economically variable. ▪︎SOURCE - D.R. Khullar. ▪︎ JOIN - @Upsc_geography_notes

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■ DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS and MINERAL BELTS. [ PART - 1] #Economicgeography #Minerals □ Uneven distribution :- ◇ The high rainfall areas of india lack in limestone, gypsum, and salts which are soluble. ◇ The northern plains of india have thick layers of alluvium which has completely concealed the bedrocks. This region of the country is poor in mineral resources. ◇ The Himalayas have a variety of rocks but its geological structure is too complex. The exploitation of minerals in this mountainous terrain is not economically viable not only due to small quantity available at any one location but also due to difficult terrain, lack of transportation, sparse population and adverse climatic conditions. ◇ Thus evident that our rich mineralized zone with relatively sizeable quantities is confined to the old, crystalline rock structures of plateaus and low hills of peninsular india. ▪︎SOURCE - D.R. Khullar. ▪︎ JOIN - @Upsc_geography_notes

■ DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS and MINERAL BELTS. [ PART - 1] #Economicgeography #Minerals □ Uneven distribution :- ◇ The high rainfall areas of india lack in limestone, gypsum, and salts which are soluble. ◇ The northern plains of india have thick layers of alluvium which has completely concealed the bedrocks. This region of the country is poor in mineral resources. ◇ The Himalayas have a variety of rocks but its geological structure is too complex. The exploitation of minerals in this mountainous terrain is not economically viable not only due to small quantity available at any one location but also due to difficult terrain, lack of transportation, sparse population and adverse climatic conditions. ◇ Thus evident that our rich mineralized zone with relatively sizeable quantities is confined to the old, crystalline rock structures of plateaus and low hills of peninsular india. ▪︎SOURCE - D.R. Khullar. ▪︎ JOIN - @Upsc_geography_notes

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■ DISTRIBUTION OF IRON ORE. #Economicgeography #Minerals □ Odisha ◇ Produces over 40% iron ore in India. ◇ Important deposits occur in Sundargarh, Mayurbhanj, Cuttack, sambalpur, Keonjar and Koraput districts. ◇ India’s richest deposits are hematite deposits are located in Barabil – koira valley. ◇ Sizeable deposits occur in Mayurbhanj deposits, and in Keonjhar district. ◇ Malangtoli, Kandahar Pahar, oira and Barsua in sundargarh district. ◇ Tomka range between Patwali and kassa in sukind area of Cuttack district. □ Chattisgarh ◇ Has about 16.77% of total iron ore deposits of the country. ◇ Bailadila in the bastar district and dalli-rajhara in the durg district are the main iron ore producing regions of chattisgarh ditrict state. ◇ Other district – Bilaspur, Jagdalpur, Raigarh, surguja.

■ DISTRIBUTION OF IRON ORE. #Economicgeography #Minerals □ Odisha ◇ Produces over 40% iron ore in India. ◇ Important deposits occur in Sundargarh, Mayurbhanj, Cuttack, sambalpur, Keonjar and Koraput districts. ◇ India’s richest deposits are hematite deposits are located in Barabil – koira valley. ◇ Sizeable deposits occur in Mayurbhanj deposits, and in Keonjhar district. ◇ Malangtoli, Kandahar Pahar, oira and Barsua in sundargarh district. ◇ Tomka range between Patwali and kassa in sukind area of Cuttack district. □ Chattisgarh ◇ Has about 16.77% of total iron ore deposits of the country. ◇ Bailadila in the bastar district and dalli-rajhara in the durg district are the main iron ore producing regions of chattisgarh ditrict state. ◇ Other district – Bilaspur, Jagdalpur, Raigarh, surguja.

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■ GEOTHERMAL ENERGY #Energysources ◇ There are vast possibilities of developing and exploiting geothermal energy in india. About 340 hot spring localities have been identified, many of them have temperature nearing boiling point. ◇ Assessment of geothermal energy potential of selected sites in Jammu and Kashmir, HP, UK,kharkhand and chhattisgarh has been undertaken. ◇ A five KW geothermal pilot power plants has been commissioned at Manikaran in Kullu district of HP. A potential of 4-5 mW geo-thermal power has been estimated in Puga valley of Ladakh in J and K. ◇ Plan to exploit this potential has been finalised. Sanction for installation of a geothermal power plant at Tattapani geothermal fields in Chhattisgarh has been granted . ▪︎SOURCE - D.R. Khullar. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ GEOTHERMAL ENERGY #Energysources ◇ There are vast possibilities of developing and exploiting geothermal energy in india. About 340 hot spring localities have been identified, many of them have temperature nearing boiling point. ◇ Assessment of geothermal energy potential of selected sites in Jammu and Kashmir, HP, UK,kharkhand and chhattisgarh has been undertaken. ◇ A five KW geothermal pilot power plants has been commissioned at Manikaran in Kullu district of HP. A potential of 4-5 mW geo-thermal power has been estimated in Puga valley of Ladakh in J and K. ◇ Plan to exploit this potential has been finalised. Sanction for installation of a geothermal power plant at Tattapani geothermal fields in Chhattisgarh has been granted . ▪︎SOURCE - D.R. Khullar. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ SMALL HYDROPOWER. #Energysources ◇ There is no globally accepted definition of a small Hydropower plant (SHP) because different countries use different capacity limits for defining. ◇ For example – Developed countries have a range of 1.5 to 2.0 MW whereas in developing countries the limits varies from 25 – 50 MW. In India Hydropower plants with a capacity up to 25MW considered SHP. ◇ Generation of electricity from small sized hydropower sources is a low cost, environment friendly and renewable source of energy. ◇ Small and mini hydel projects have the potential to provide energy in remote and hilly areas where extension of grid system un economical. ◇ The first SHP of 130 KW was installed at Darjeeling in 1897. This was followed by mysore in 1902. ◇ Karnataka tops in both potential and installed capacity followed by HP. ▪︎SOURCE - D.R. Khullar. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes