UPSC GEOGRAPHY

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□ ALPHA DIVERSITY ◇ It refers to the diversity within a particular area or ecosystem and is usually expressed by the number of species (i.e., species richness) in that ecosystem. □ BETA DIVERSITY ◇ It is a comparison of diversity between ecosystems, usually measured as the change in the number of species between the ecosystems. □ GAMMA DIVERSITY ◇ It is a measure of the overall diversity of the different ecosystems within a region. ▪︎Join - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ BIODIVERSITY ◇ Biodiversity refers to the variety of plant, animal, and microbial species plus all the genetic variations in the world or in a particular habitat. ◇ About 8.7 million is the estimated total number of species on earth, with 6.5 million species on land and 2.2 million in oceans. ◇ A staggering 86% of all species on land and 91% of those in the seas have yet to be discovered. ◇ A large proportion of the species waiting to be discovered are in the tropics. ◇ Only about 1.2 million species have been formally described, the vast majority being from the land. ◇ More than 70 per cent of all the species recorded are animals, while plants (including algae, fungi, bryophytes, gym nosperms, and angiosperms) comprise no more than 22 per cent of the total. ◇ Among animals, insects are the most species-rich taxonomic group, making up more than 70 per cent of the total. ◇ Tropical Amazon rainforest in South America has the most extraordinary biodiversity on earth. ▪︎Join - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ BIODIVERSITY ◇ Biodiversity refers to the variety of plant, animal, and microbial species plus all the genetic variations in the world or in a particular habitat. ◇ About 8.7 million is the estimated total number of species on earth, with 6.5 million species on land and 2.2 million in oceans. ◇ A staggering 86% of all species on land and 91% of those in the seas have yet to be discovered. ◇ A large proportion of the species waiting to be discovered are in the tropics. ◇ Only about 1.2 million species have been formally described, the vast majority being from the land. ◇ More than 70 per cent of all the species recorded are animals, while plants (including algae, fungi, bryophytes, gym nosperms, and angiosperms) comprise no more than 22 per cent of the total. ◇ Among animals, insects are the most species-rich taxonomic group, making up more than 70 per cent of the total. ◇ Tropical Amazon rainforest in South America has the most extraordinary biodiversity on earth. ▪︎Join - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ MESOZOIC ERA ◇ Spans from 250 million to 66 million years ago. ◇ Also known as “the Age of the dinosaurs”, the Mesozoic features the rise of reptiles. ◇ There are three periods in the Mesozoic: Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. ◇ Triassic Period - Spans from 250 million to 200 million years ago.It is a transitional time between the Permian Extinction and the lush Jurassic Period. It has three major epochs: Early Triassic, Middle Triassic and Late Triassic. ◇ Jurassic Period - It spans from 200 million to 145 million years ago and features three major epochs: Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic, and Late Jurassic. ◇ Cretaceous Period - It spans from 145 million to 66 million years ago and is divided into two epochs: Early Cretaceous and Late Creta ceous. ▪︎Join - @upsc_geography_notes

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What Yugantar Academy Offers : 1• Excellence Through Rich Content 2• Exam Oriented Preparation 3• Time Bound Answer Copy Evaluation 4• Basic to Exam Oriented Level Preparation 5• Exclusive Personal Mentorship Programme Connect with Us: 1Telegram Channel link:👇 https://t.me/yugantaracade 2) YouTubeChannel :👇 https://youtube.com/@DiptiNairsYugantarAcademy 3) Instagram ID👇 https://instagram.com/yugantaracademy?igshid=MzNlNGNkZWQ4Mg== 4) WhatsApp :-👇 8800733518, 9004370716 5) Application Link👇 https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.yugantar.academy Contact - 8800733518,  9004370716, 7972139182

■ MESOZOIC ERA ◇ Spans from 250 million to 66 million years ago. ◇ Also known as “the Age of the dinosaurs”, the Mesozoic features the rise of reptiles. ◇ There are three periods in the Mesozoic: Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. ◇ Triassic Period - Spans from 250 million to 200 million years ago.It is a transitional time between the Permian Extinction and the lush Jurassic Period. It has three major epochs: Early Triassic, Middle Triassic and Late Triassic. ◇ Jurassic Period - It spans from 200 million to 145 million years ago and features three major epochs: Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic, and Late Jurassic. ◇ Cretaceous Period - It spans from 145 million to 66 million years ago and is divided into two epochs: Early Cretaceous and Late Creta ceous. ▪︎Join - @upsc_geography_notes