UPSC GEOGRAPHY

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■ TROPICAL DRY DECIDOUS FORESTS. #Naturalvegetation □ CLIMATIC CONDITION ◇ Annual rainfall is 100-150 cm. □ CHARACTERSTICS ◇ These are similar to moist deciduous forests and shed their leaves in dry season. ◇ The major difference is that they can grow in areas of comparatively less rainfall. ◇ They represent a transitional type – moist deciduous on the wetter side and thorn forests on the drier side. ◇ They have closed but uneven canopy. ◇ The forests are composed of a mixture of a few species of deciduous trees rising up to a height of 20 me tres. ◇ Undergrowth: Enough light reaches the ground to permit the growth of grass and climbers. □ DISTRIBUTION. ◇ They occur in an irregular wide strip running from the foot of the Himalayas to Kanyakumari except in Rajasthan, Western Ghats and West Bengal. ◇ The important species are teak, axlewood, rosewood, common bamboo, red sanders, laurel, etc. ◇ Large tracts of this forest have been cleared for agricultural purposes.

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Repost from UPSC GEOGRAPHY

■ TROPICAL DRY EVERGREEN FORESTS. #Naturalvegetation □ DISTRIBUTION ◇ Along the coasts of Tamil Nadu. □ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. ◇ The annual rainfall of 100 cm (mostly from the north-east monsoons). ◇ Mean annual temperature is about 28 °C. ◇ The growth of evergreen forests in areas of such low rainfall is a bit strange. □ CHARACTERSTICS ◇ Short-statured trees, up to 12 m high, with complete canopy. ◇ Bamboos and grasses not conspicuous. ◇ The important species are jamun, tamarind, neem, etc. ◇ Most of the land under these forests have been cleared for agriculture or casuarina plantations.

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■ TROPICAL DRY EVERGREEN FORESTS. #Naturalvegetation □ DISTRIBUTION ◇ Along the coasts of Tamil Nadu. □ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. ◇ The annual rainfall of 100 cm (mostly from the north-east monsoons). ◇ Mean annual temperature is about 28 °C. ◇ The growth of evergreen forests in areas of such low rainfall is a bit strange. □ CHARACTERSTICS ◇ Short-statured trees, up to 12 m high, with complete canopy. ◇ Bamboos and grasses not conspicuous. ◇ The important species are jamun, tamarind, neem, etc. ◇ Most of the land under these forests have been cleared for agriculture or casuarina plantations.

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Repost from UPSC GEOGRAPHY

■ LITTORAL AND SWAMP FORESTS. #Naturalvegetation □ FEATURES :- ◇ They can survive and grow both in fresh as well as brackish water. ◇ Occur in and around the deltas, estuaries and creeks prone to tidal influences. ◇ Littoral (relating to or on the shore of the sea or a lake) forests occur at several places along the coast. ◇ Swamp forests are confined to the deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Godavari (Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary), the Krishna and the Cauvery. ◇ Dense mangroves occur all along the coastline in sheltered estuaries, tidal creeks, backwaters, salt marshes and mudflats. It provides useful fuelwood. ◇ The most pronounced and the densest is the Sundarbans in the Ganga delta where the predominant species is Sundri (Heriteera).

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■ LITTORAL AND SWAMP FORESTS. #Naturalvegetation □ FEATURES :- ◇ They can survive and grow both in fresh as well as brackish water. ◇ Occur in and around the deltas, estuaries and creeks prone to tidal influences. ◇ Littoral (relating to or on the shore of the sea or a lake) forests occur at several places along the coast. ◇ Swamp forests are confined to the deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Godavari (Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary), the Krishna and the Cauvery. ◇ Dense mangroves occur all along the coastline in sheltered estuaries, tidal creeks, backwaters, salt marshes and mudflats. It provides useful fuelwood. ◇ The most pronounced and the densest is the Sundarbans in the Ganga delta where the predominant species is Sundri (Heriteera).

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INDEX ○ MODERN HISTORY CLICK HERE ○ MEDIEVAL HISTORY CLICK HERE ○ ANCIENT HISTORY CLICK HERE NOTES FOR 2024

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■ TROPICAL MOIST DECIDUOUS #Naturalvegetation □ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. ◇ Annual rainfall 100 to 200 cm. ◇ Mean annual temperature of 27 °C. ◇ Spring and summer are dry. □ CHARACTERSTICS ◇ The trees drop their leaves during the spring and early summer when sufficient moisture not available. ◇ General appearance is bare in extreme summers (April-May). ◇ Tropical moist deciduous forests present irregular top storey (25 to 60 m). ◇ Heavily buttressed trees and fairly complete undergrowth. ◇ These forests occupy a much larger area, but large tracts under these forests have been cleared for cultivation. □ DISTRIBUTION ◇ The belt running along the Western Ghats surrounding the belt of evergreen forests. ◇ A strip along the Shiwalik range including terai and bhabar from 77° E to 88° E. ◇ Manipur and Mizoram. ◇ Hills of eastern Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. ◇ Chota Nagpur Plateau. ◇ Most of Odisha. ◇ Parts of West Bengal and ◇ Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

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