UPSC GEOGRAPHY

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■ NAPPES #Geomorphology #Earthsmovements ◇ Nappes are the result of complex folding mechanism caused by intense horizontal movement and resultant compressive force. Both the limbs of a recumbent fold are parallel and horizontal. ◇ Due to further increase in the continued compressive force one limb of the recumbent folds slides forward and overrides the other fold. This process is called thrust and the plane along which one part of the fold is thrust is called thrust plane. ◇ The upthrust part of the fold is called 'overthrust fold'. When the compressive force becomes so acute that it crosses the limit of the elasticity of the rock beds, the limbs of the fold are so acutely folded that these break at the axis of the fold and the lower rock beds come upward. ◇ Such broken limb of the fold is called nappe. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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◇ Recumbent folds are formed when the compressive forces are so strong that both the limbs of the fold become parallel as well as horizontal. ◇ Overturned folds are those folds in which one limb of the fold is thrust upon another fold due to intense compressive forces. ◇ Plunge folds are formed when the axis of the fold instead of being parallel to the horizontal plane becomes tilted and forms plunge angle which is the angle between the axis and the horizontal plane. ◇ Open folds are those in which the angle between the two limbs of the fold is more than 90⁰ but less than 180° (i.e. obtuse angle between the two limbs of a fold. ◇ Closed folds are those folds in which the angle between the two limbs of a fold is acute angle. Such folds are formed because of intense compressive force. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

■ TYPES OF FOLDS #Geomorphology #Earthmovements ◇ The nature of folds depends on several factors e.g., the nature of rocks, the nature and intensity of compressive forces, duration of the operation of compressive forces etc. ◇ Symmetrical folds are simple folds, the limbs (both) of which incline uniformly. ◇ Asymmetrical folds are characterized by unequal and irregular limbs. Both the limbs incline at different angles. ◇ Monoclinal folds are those in which one limb inclines moderately with regular slope while the other limb linclines steeply at right angle and the slope is almost vertical. ◇ Isoclinal folds are formed when the compressive forces are so strong that both the limbs of the fold become parallel but not horizontal.

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◇ Recumbent folds are formed when the compressive forces are so strong that both the limbs of the fold become parallel as well as horizontal. ◇ Overturned folds are those folds in which one limb of the fold is thrust upon another fold due to intense compressive forces. ◇ Plunge folds are formed when the axis of the fold instead of being parallel to the horizontal plane becomes tilted and forms plunge angle which is the angle between the axis and the horizontal plane. ◇ Open folds are those in which the angle between the two limbs of the fold is more than 90⁰ but less than 180° (i.e. obtuse angle between the two limbs of a fold. ◇ Closed folds are those folds in which the angle between the two limbs of a fold is acute angle. Such folds are formed because of intense compressive force. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

■ TYPES OF FOLDS #Geomorphology #Earthmovements ◇ The nature of folds depends on several factors e.g., the nature of rocks, the nature and intensity of compressive forces, duration of the operation of compressive forces etc. ◇ Symmetrical folds are simple folds, the limbs (both) of which incline uniformly. ◇ Asymmetrical folds are characterized by unequal and irregular limbs. Both the limbs incline at different angles. ◇ Monoclinal folds are those in which one limb inclines moderately with regular slope while the other limb linclines steeply at right angle and the slope is almost vertical. ◇ Isoclinal folds are formed when the compressive forces are so strong that both the limbs of the fold become parallel but not horizontal.

■ FOLDS #Geomorphology #Earthmovements ◇ Wave-like bends are formed in the crustal rocks due to tangential compressive force resulting from horizontal movement caused by the endogenetic force originating deep within the earth. Such bends are called folds wherein some parts are bent up and some parts are bent down. ◇ The upfolded rock strata in arch-like form are called anticlines while the down folded structure forming trough-like feature is called syncline. ◇ The two sides of a fold are called limbs of the fold. The limb which is shared between an anticline and its companion syncline is called middle limb. ◇ Anticlinorium - Anticlinorium refers to those folded structures in the regions of folded mountains where there are a series of minor anticlines and synclines within one extensive anticline. ◇ Synclinorium - represents a folded structure which includes extensive syncline having numerous minor anticlines and synclines. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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