UPSC GEOGRAPHY

■ LAKES #Lakes ◇ Lakes are those static bodies of water on the land surface which are surrounded by lands on all sides and are always located on the land surface. ◇ Some lakes are as small as ponds while some lakes are as large as the Great Lakes of North America. ◇ Lakes are also called as inland standing water but this is not always true as some lakes are also located along the sea coasts e.g. Chilka lake in Orissa. ◇ Lakes are not permanent features on the earth's surface. Lakes are formed, developed and are ultimately obliterated due to siltation and upliftment of lake beds due to diastrophic movements, for example, several lakes have disappeared in the Kumaun region of Uttaranchal e.g., Sukha Tal. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ LAVA PLAINS #Plains #Geomorphology ◇ are formed due to deposition of thin sheets of lavas coming out through fissure flows. ◇ Several examples of lava plains are found in France, New Zealand, Iceland, USA, Argentina etc. Lava plains are economically very important because black soils are formed due to weathering of lavas. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ FLOOD PLAINS #Geomorphology #Plains ◇ are formed due to deposition of fine sediments consisting of sands, silts, muds, clays etc. in the flood zones of the rivers. Flood plains are also known as alluvial plains because they are formed of the argillaceous sediments or alluvial soils. ◇ In India flood plains are divided into (i) khadar plains and (ii) bhangar plains. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

■ RIVER DEPOSITED PLAINS #Geomorphology #Plains The alluvial plains deposited by rivers are most extensive depositional plains. The North Indian Plains or the Ganga-Yamuna Plains were formed due to deposition of eroded materials into extensive foredeep which was formed due to Himalayan orogenetic movements. □ Piedmont alluvial plains - are formed at the foothill zones of the mountains. ◇ The gradient of the rivers is remarkably reduced at the foothill zones where the river leaves the mountain and enters the plains topography of level to gentle slope (less than 5 degree of slope), with the result sediments of fairly large size, e.g. cobbles, pebbles, boulders together with silt and gravels are deposited at the foot of the mountains because the rivers are unable to carry them further downstream due to decrease in transportation capacity because of marked decrease in the channel gradient. ◇ If several rivers descend through a mountain range numerous alluvial fans are formed parallel to the mountain range. ◇ These alluvial fans gradually and gradually grow in size and thus coalesce to form one extensive fan which becomes piedmont alluvial fan plain. ◇ The mountainward portion of the piedmont alluvial plains is called Bhabar in India. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

□ Karst plains ◇ The plateau composed of massive limestones are subjected to chemical weathering and erosion by groundwater and are ultimately transformed into subdued topographic surface of very low relief. Such plains are called karst plains which are formed at the end of karst cycle of erosion. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

■ EROSIONAL PLAINS #Geomorphology #Plains □ Peneplains ◇ Peneplains are the most characteristic plains formed by river erosion at the end of 'normal cycle of erosion'. ◇ Peneplains are characterized by convexo-concave residual hills, known as monadnocks, which project above the general surface. ◇ The peneplains are formed by lateral erosion by the rivers and weathering processes. The weathered materials are deposited over the peneplains. Rivers are well adjusted to the structure. □ Glaciated plains ◇ Glaciers transform highland areas through their slow but continued erosive works into lowland with flat surface but with sufficient low reliefs of rounded shape. □ Wind eroded plains ◇ Rocks become loose due to disintegration caused by mechanical (physical) weathering in the hot desert areas. Strong winds pick up these weathered and communited fine particles and deposit them elsewhere.

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□ Karst plains ◇ The plateau composed of massive limestones are subjected to chemical weathering and erosion by groundwater and are ultimately transformed into subdued topographic surface of very low relief. Such plains are called karst plains which are formed at the end of karst cycle of erosion. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

■ EROSIONAL PLAINS #Geomorphology #Plains □ Peneplains ◇ Peneplains are the most characteristic plains formed by river erosion at the end of 'normal cycle of erosion'. ◇ Peneplains are characterized by convexo-concave residual hills, known as monadnocks, which project above the general surface. ◇ The peneplains are formed by lateral erosion by the rivers and weathering processes. The weathered materials are deposited over the peneplains. Rivers are well adjusted to the structure. □ Glaciated plains ◇ Glaciers transform highland areas through their slow but continued erosive works into lowland with flat surface but with sufficient low reliefs of rounded shape. □ Wind eroded plains ◇ Rocks become loose due to disintegration caused by mechanical (physical) weathering in the hot desert areas. Strong winds pick up these weathered and communited fine particles and deposit them elsewhere.

◇ Sometimes, coastal lands are submerged under sea water because of transgressional phase of sea. Such coastal lands submerged under shallow water receive sediments regularly and after long time of continuous sedimentation narrow coastal plains are formed. Ex - The eastern coastal plains of India, mainly North Circar. ◇ Submerged coastal lands emerge as marine coastal plains due to withdrawal of sea water during regressional phase of sea. The Kutch plain of India is the example of such plain. ◇ Extensive plateaux denudation become plains. ◇ Deposition of enormous volume of lavas over extensive area gives birth to lava or volcanic plains. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes